Teaching includes more than leadership. Some of the teacher's time and effort is directed toward instruction, some toward evaluation(评价). But it is the teacher as a group leader who creates an effective organizational structure and good working environment so that instruction and evaluation activities can take place. A group that is totally disorganized, unclear about its goals, or constantly fighting among its members will not be a good learning group. The leadership pattern includes helping to form and keep up a positive learning environment so that instruction and evaluation activities can take place.

On the first day of class the teacher faces a room filled with individuals. Perhaps a few closely united groups and friendships already exist. But there is no sense of belonging. If teachers are successful leaders, they will help students develop a system of relationships that encourages cooperation.

Standards and rules must be set up that keep order, ensure justice, and protect individual rights, but are not against school policy. What happens when one student hurts another's individual rights? Without clear guidelines agreeable to students, teachers, and administration(行政管理), the classroom can be in disorder. Students may break rules they did not know existed. If standards are set without opinions from the class, students may spend a great deal of creative energy in ruining the class environment, finding ways to break rules.

No matter how skillful the teacher is in uniting students and setting up a positive atmosphere, the task is never complete. Regular maintenance(保持) is necessary. Conflicts(冲突) arise. The needs of individual members change. A new kind of learning task requires a new organizational structure. Sometimes out pressures such as holidays, upcoming tests or athletic contests, or family troubles cause pressure in the classroom. One task for the teacher is to bring back a positive environment by helping students deal with conflicts, changes and pressure.

68. This article is written mainly for the purpose of ______.

A. providing information for teaching     

B. studying the teacher's behavior in the classroom

C. comparing the teacher's behaviors with students'    

D. teaching and organizing a class

69. The teacher, in some way, is a leader because ______.

A. he must well-organize a class and keep a good learning environment

B. he deals with students in the same way as a leader does

C. he should develop agreement among students

D. he has to keep his class in order and give instruction and evaluation

70. Which of the following is not true?

A. If the teacher well unites his student sand creates a positive atmosphere, he then will complete his task.

B. If guidelines are not acceptable both to students and teachers, the classroom can be a mess.

C. Outside pressure may cause pressure among students.

D. Students need the teacher just as sheep need a shepherd(羊倌).

A growing number of consumers, especially young people , are adopting more Western habits when it comes to spending money—by favoring credit cards over savings.

A survey of 11,500 people in 18 cities by The Nielson Company found the credit card market had witnessed a major change in recent years.

    “Today’s consumer is clearly not interested in saving for a rainy day, as may have been the case in the past,” Bega Ng, director of financial services research with the company said. “Consumers have been adopting Western habits and attitudes in almost every way—including saving and spending habits. Consumers in their 20s spend tomorrow’s cash to fund today’s needs.”

      The report found consumers aged 18 to 24 were the most eager credit card users.

      Although the report did not give the amounts credit card users in each of the 18 cities spent, it mentioned the example of Xiamen, a coastal city in Fujian Province, where consumers put an average of 50 percent of their monthly incomes into their credit card accounts to indulge(沉湎于) in cashless shopping.

    Included in the survey for the first time, Xiamen is reported to have a fast growing penetration rate(渗透率) for credit cards, with four out of ten consumers now owning at least one card. With more than half of cardholders in Xiamen owning two or more cards, it is catching up with key “tier one” cities, the report said. The report did not make known the figures in major cities such as Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou.

      Last year, the same Nielson survey showed Shanghai had the biggest population of credit card holders, with citizens owning 1.8 credit cards on average. Half of them use credit cards at least once a week, the survey said.

Yunfei, 30, from Beijing, said she spent at least 2,000 yuan a month by credit cards, most of which went on daily necessities and dining out.

69.Which of the following best shows the young urbanites’ idea of consumption?

A. Using credit cards in every way.

B. Spending tomorrow’s cash for today’s needs.

C. Owning more cards for cashless shopping.

D. Saving money for future use.

70.How is the situation of credit card use in Xjamen?

A. Forty percent of the consumers own at least one card.

B. Credit card users use up most of their monthly income.

C. The number of credit card users is larger than that in Guangzhou.

D. Over half of the consumers use two or more cards.

71.Which city had the largest number of credit card users according to a previous survey?

A. Xiamen.         B. Beijing.          C. Shanghai.          D. Guangzhou.

72.What is the main idea of the survey reported by Nielson Company?

A. Most credit card users are young people aged 18 to 24.

B. Western habits have a big influence on the Chinese people.

C. The number of credit card users is growing rapidly in Chinese cities.

D. Chinese consumers are no more interested in saving money.

         You don’t have to ask Barack Obama what it is like to be a president-elect.Chances are you can be one, too, and it won’t take more than 30 years’ efforts to achieve that.

         A new computer game, Commander in Chief, offers the chance to step into the president’s shoes and see whether you can do a better job running the country than he can.

         The video game will be available on January 20, the day Obama is sworn in (宣誓就职) as president.

         So what will you do in the game?

         Like Obama, your early task is to select members of the Cabinet(内阁)from 250 personality types.Then you immediately face internal(国内的)and external(对外的) challenges.Every decision you make has an in-game consequence.

         “You can put your own political theories into action and see the domestic(国内的)and international effect,” said the lead designer Louis-Marie Rocques.

Internal decisions involve managing budgets, security, education, health care and discussion over many proposed laws.You also have to respond to critics.Every decision has a consequence, which changes the political environment.For example, raising taxes will raise criticisms and protests while lowering taxes means you will have less money to play with.

         What about external decisions? Well, you have to deal with military issues, global economics, trade agreements, and spending time lobbying(游说)other presidents.You can determine the course of world events by invading(侵略)a neutral country, or toppling(推翻)an unfriendly country but then you must face the economic, political, and military consequences.

         Don’t want to be president of the US? The game also lets you become virtual(虚拟的)leader of other countries including France, Germany, Spain and Russia.

68.The purpose of writing this passage is mainly to     .

         A.show you how hard it is to be the newly-elected president, Barack Obama

         B.explain why the video game is so popular among American citizens

         C.introduce to you one special computer game, Commander in Chief

         D.inform how designers developed the interesting computer game

69.Which of the following items belongs to internal affairs in the game?

         A.Managing budgets, responding to critics and military issues.

         B.Managing budgets, raising taxes and trade agreements.

         C.Health care, discussing proposed laws and lowering taxes.

         D.Education, security and lobbying other countries.

70.Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?

         A.Those who want to be a president one day will get a taste of their private life.

         B.The first task in the game is to form the Cabinet consisting of 250 members.

         C.The video game has hit the stores in America and enjoys sales success.

         D.Like a real president, the players will face challenges at home and abroad

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