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Do the following experiments______ the directions.

A. thanks to B. according to C. due to D. as well as

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     Surgeons in Spain have successfully carried out the world's first organ transplant (移植) using new stem
cell technology. Some people are calling it the greatest medical breakthrough so far this century.
     But what are stem cells? As we know, most cells in our bodies are designed____ -for example, a liver cell
develops to work in the liver and cannot become a heart cell. But stem cells are different. They are very young
and in the laboratory scientists can grow them into different types of cells.
     Claudia Castillo needed a new windpipe (气管) after getting a serious disease. Scientists from the University
of Bristol took a donor windpipe, from someone who had recently died. They used strong chemicals to remove
the donor's cells, leaving a tissue scaffold (组织支架). This was refilled with cells from Ms Castillo's windpipe and stem cells from her bone. After four days the cells had grown sufficiently for the windpipe to be
transplanted into Ms Castillo.
     Currently, transplant patients have to take drugs for the rest of their lives to prevent their bodies rejecting
the new organs. These drugs can have bad side-effects, and do not always prevent rejec tion. But by using
Ms Castillo's own cells, doctors were able to trick her body into thinking the new windpipe was her own organ. Five months on, Claudia Castillo is in perfect health.
     This ground-breaking procedure could be used in other trans- plant operations in the future. Scientists also
believe stem cells might be used to treat Parkinson's disease, heart disease, stroke, ar thritis, burns and so on.
     However, stem cell research is extremely controversial. The most effective stem cells do not come from
adults but from embryos (胚胎) created in laboratories which are just a few days old. Many people have
religious or ethical objections to growing embryos, even if they can be used to cure diseases.

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     Smiling is a great way to make yourself stand out while helping your body to function better. Smile to
improve your health, your stress level, and your attractiveness.
     1. Smiling Makes Us Attractive.
     We are drawn to people who smile. There is an attraction factor. We want to know a smiling person and
figure out what is so good because anxieties can push people away-but a smile draws them in.
     2. Smiling Changes Our Mood
     Next time you are feeling down, try putting on a smile. There's a good chance your mood will change for
the better. Smiling can trick the body into helping you change your mood.
     3. Smiling Is Appealing
     When someone is smiling they lighten up the room, change the moods of others, and make things happier.
A smiling person brings happiness with them Smile lots and you will draw people to you.
     4. Smiling Relieves Stress
     Stress can really show up in our faces. Smiling helps to prevent us from looking tired, wom down, and
overwhelmed. When you are stressed, take time to put on a smile. The stress should be reduced and you'll be
better able to take action.
     5.___
     When you smile, there is a measurable reduction in your blood pressure. Give it a try if you have a blood
pressure monitor at home. Sit for a few minutes, take a reading. Then smile for a minute and take another
reading while still smiling. Do you notice a difference?
     6. Smiling Lifts the Face and Makes
     You Look Younger The muscles we use to smile lift the face, making a person appear younger. Don't go
for a face lift, just try smiling your way through the day-you'll look younger and feel better.
     7. Smiling Helps
     You Stay Positive Try this test: Smile. Now try to think of something negative without losing the smile.
It's hard. When we smile our body is sending the rest of us a message that" Life is Good!"

A recent study offers a picture of how dangerous it is to get a lift from a teenage driver. Indeed, a 16-year-old driver with three or more passengers is three times as likely to have a fatal accident as a teenager driving alone. However, the possibility of death for drivers between 30 and 59 decreases with each additional passenger.

It was also found that the death rates for teenage drivers increased greatly after10 p.m , and especially after midnight. With passengers in the car, the driver was even more likely to die in a late night accident.

Robert Foss, a scientist at the University of North Carolina Highway Safety Research Center, says the higher death rates for teenage drivers have less to do with "really stupid behavior" than with just a lack of driving experience. Both he and the author of the study believe that the way to help solve the problem is to have states setting up so-called graduated licensing systems (等级执照制). A graduated license requires that a teenager first prove himself able to drive in the presence of an adult, followed by a period of driving with a limited number of passengers, before graduating to full driving on his own. About half of the states now have some sort of graduated licensing system in place. The systems have reduced teenage driver crashes, according to recent studies.

1．Which of the following situations is most dangerous according to the passage?

A．Adults giving a lift to teenagers on the highway after 10 p.m.

B．A teenager driving after midnight with passengers in the car.

C．Adults driving with three or more teenage passengers late at night.

D．A teenager getting a lift from a stranger on the highway at midnight.

2．According to Robert Foss, the high death rate of teenage drivers is mainly due to _______.

A．their frequent driving at night B．their improper way of driving

C．their lack of driving experience D．their driving with passengers

3．A suggested measure to be taken to reduce teenagers' driving accidents is that ________.

A．driving in the presence of an adult should be made a rule .

B．they should be stopped from taking on passengers

C．they should not be allowed to drive after 10 p. m.

D．the licensing system should be improved

4．The present situation in about half of the states is that the graduated licensing system

_________.

A．is under discussion B．is about to be set up

C．has been put into effect D．has been perfected

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