3、Psychologists take opposing views of how external rewards(外部奖赏), from warm praise to cold cash, affect motivation and creativity. Behaviorists, who study the relation between actions and their consequences, argue that rewards can improve performance at work and school. Cognitive (认知学派的) researchers, who study various aspects of mental life, believe that rewards often destroy creativity by encouraging dependence on approval and gifts from others.                              The latter view has gained many supporters, especially among educators. But the careful use of small monetary (金钱的) rewards sparks creativity in grade-school children, suggesting that properly presented inducements (刺激) indeed aid inventiveness(创造力), according to a study in the June Journal of Personality and Social Psychology".   

       "If kids know they're working for a reward and can focus on a relatively challenging task, they show the most creativity," says Robert Eisenberger of the University of Delaware in Newark. "But it's easy to kill creativity by giving rewards for poor performance or creating too much desire for rewards." A teacher who continually draws attention to rewards or who hands out high grades for ordinary achievement ends up with uninspired students, Eisenberger holds. As an example of the latter point, he notes growing efforts at major universities to tighten grading standards and restore failing grades.                                 

    In earlier grades, the use of so-called token economies, in which students handle challenging problems and receive performance-based points toward valued rewards, shows promise in raising effort and creativity, the Delaware psychologist claims.       

1．Psychologists are divided with regard to their attitudes toward _____.

       A．the choice between spiritual encouragement and monetary rewards

       B．the amount of monetary rewards for students' creativity

       C．the study of relationship between actions and their consequences

       D．the effects of external rewards on students' performance

2．What is the response of many educators to external rewards for their students?        

       A．They have no doubts about them.

       B．They have doubts about them.

       C．They approve of them.                        

       D．They avoid talking about them.

3．Which of the following can best raise students' creativity according to Robert Eisenberger?

       A．Giving them tasks they have not dealt with before.

       B．Giving them tasks which require inventiveness.

       C．Giving them rewards they really deserve.

       D．Giving them rewards they hope for.

4．.It can be inferred from the passage that major universities are trying to tighten their grading standards because they believe ______.

       A．rewarding poor performance may kill the creativity of students

       B．punishment is more effective than rewarding

       C．failing uninspired students helps improve their overall academic standards                        D．discouraging the students' anticipation for easy rewards is a matter of urgency                                                    

5．The phrase "token economies" (Sentence 1, Paragraph 5) probably refers to _____.         

       A．ways to develop economy                   

       B．systems of rewarding students

       C．approaches to solving problems

       D．methods of improving performance

2、Dear Tracy,

       Although I’m 16 years old, but my father still treats                      1．          

me as a carelessly child. He doesn’t value my opinions.                        2．          

He is very strict in me and often punishes me for                                 3．          

leaving things lying around in the house while he did this                      4．          

all time. I think he fails to set an example to me to                               5．          

follow. But he often says:“Doing as I say, not as I do.”                    6．          

Even more worse, he points out my past mistakes to guests,                7．          

making me feel hurting. I love my father, but I can’t                            8．          

bear how he does. I  have tried many times to talk                             9．          

with him but he never listen. Please, help me.                                      10．          

Puzzled

1、“神州7号”中国人首次太空舱外活动成功以后，人们就“普通人去太空旅游”的话题展开了热烈讨论。请你根据下列提示以“The advantages and disadvantages of Space Travel”为题写一篇英语短文，阐述表格中的两种观点，并简要地谈谈你个人的看法。

注意事项：

       1．短文必须包括所列内容。

       2．不要逐字逐句翻译。

3．词数110左右。

34、Let us suppose that you are in _____ position of _____ parent. Would you allow your child to do such a thing?

A. a; a             B. a; the           C. the; a            D. the; the

33、His application was turned down, _____ his health condition.

A. to consider       B. considering      C. considered        D. being considered

32、We disagreed with each other ______ where we should stay during the trip.

A. as to           B. as with          C. as on           D. as about

31、When we finally ______ to get home after the tiring long journey, we could hardly move a step further.

A. tried          B. succeeded           C. managed          D. attempted

30、When caught ______, he begged for my pardon and tried ______ punishment.

A. cheating; escaping                           B. cheating; to escape

C. to be cheating; escaping                       D. to be cheating; to escape

29、A smile can help us ______ difficult situations and find friends in a world of strangers. 

A. go over        B. get over          C. go through         D. get through