Although there is no formal process of selection, in larger groups, leaders are usually chosen formally through election or recruitment． Althoug——青夏教育精英家教网—

20、 Although there is no formal process of selection, in larger groups, leaders are usually chosen formally through election or recruitment（招募）．

Although leaders are often thought to be people with unusual personal ability, decades（十年） of research have failed to produce evidence that there are any “natural leaders”． It seems that there is no set of personal qualities that all leaders have in common; or rather更确切地说, any person may be recognized as a leader if the person has qualities that meet the needs of that particular group．

Research suggests that there are typically two different leadership roles that are held by different individuals． Instrumental leadership is leadership that emphasizes the completion of tasks by a social group． Group members look to instrumental leaders to “get things done”． Expressive leadership, on the other hand, is leadership that emphasizes the collective well-beings福利 of a social group’s members． Expressive leaders are less concerned with the overall goals of the group than with providing emotional support to group members and attempting to minimize tension and conflict among them．

Instrumental leaders are likely to have a rather secondary relationship to other group members． They give others and may discipline（纪律约束） group members who inhibit （阻碍） attainment of the group’s goals． Expressive leaders develop a more personal or primary relationship to others in the group． They offer sympathy when someone experiences difficulties and try to solve problems that threaten to divide the group． As the difference between these two roles suggests, expressive leaders generally receive more personal affection from group members; instrumental leaders, if they are successful in promoting group goals, may enjoy a more distant respect．

71． What does the passage mainly discuss?

A． The problems faced by leaders． B． The role of leaders in social groups．

C． How leadership differs in small and large groups．

D． How social groups determine who will lead them．

72． The passage mentions all of the following ways by which people can become leaders EXCEPT ________．

A． recruitment B． formal election process

C． specific leadership training D． traditional cultural patterns

73． Which of the following statements about leadership can be inferred from Paragraph 2?

A． An effective leader of a particular group may not be an effective leader in another group．

B． Most people desire to be leaders but can produce little evidence of their qualifications．
C． A person can best learn how to be an effective leader by studying research on leadership．
D． Few people succeed in sharing a leadership role with another person．

74． In mentioning “natural leaders” in Line 4, the author is making the point that ________．

A． few people qualify as “natural leaders”

B． there is no proof that “natural leaders” exist

C． “natural leaders” share a similar set of characteristics

D． “natural leaders” are easily accepted by the members of a group

75． The passage indicates that instrumental leaders generally focus on ________．

A． achieving a goal B． sharing responsibility with group members
C． identifying new leaders D． ensuring harmonious（和谐的）relationships

19、Welcome to Franklin Hotel．To make your stay as enjoyable as possible , we hope you will use our facilities（设施）to the full． Dining Room: Breakfast is served in the dining room from 8 to 9:30 am．Also the room staff（服务员）may bring breakfast to your room at any time after 7 am．If this happens , please fill out a card and hang it outside your door when you go to bed．Lunch is from 12 to 2:30 pm．Dinner is from 7:30 to 9 pm． Room service : This operates 24 hours a day ; phone the Reception desk , and your message will be passed on to the room staff． Telephones : To make a phone call , dial（按）0 for Reception and ask to be connected．We apologize for delays if the lines are very busy．There are also public telephones near the Reception desk．Tell Reception if early calls are needed． Shop : The hotel shop is open for presents , gifts and goods from 9 am to 5:30 pm． Laundry : We have a laundry in the building , and will wash , iron and return your clothes within 24 hours．Ask the room staff to collect them．Bar: The hotel bar is open from 12 to 2 pm and 7 pm to 1 am． Banking : The Reception staff will cash cheques（兑现支票）and exchange any foreign money for you．
66．You would see this notice

A．in a hotel bar．

B．in a hotel dining room．
C．in a bedroom of a large international hotel．

D．at the entrance of a small family hotel．

67．You have arrived at the hotel at 2 a．m．and want a quick meal．What should you do?

A．Go to the hotel shop．

B．Go to the hotel bar．
C．Hang a message outside your door．

D．Phone Reception．
68．You have come back to the hotel just to make an urgent（紧急）phone call．But you notice a lot of

people around the Reception desk．Judging from the notice , would it be quickest to
A．go to your room and phone from there?

B．ask at the Reception desk?
C．use one of the telephones in the entrance?

D．go out again and look for a public phone box?
69．How many kinds of service are there according to the notice?
       A．Twelve．           B．Ten．                 C．Eight．             D．Seven
70．What would you do if you want room service at 24 pm?
       A．Phone the Reception desk．                                                B．Go to the Reception desk．
       C．Phone the room staff．                                                       D．Fill out a card ahead．

18、 There is a story about the moon cake． During the Yuan dynasty, China was ruled by the Mongolian people． Leaders from the preceding Song dynasty were unhappy about being ruled by foreigners, so they began to organize a secret rebellion． The leaders of the rebellion, knowing that the Moon Festival was drawing near, ordered the making of special cakes． Baked into each cake was a message containing the outline of the attack． On the night of the Moon Festival, the rebels successfully attacked and overthrew the government． Today, these cakes are eaten to commemorate（纪念）this legend and are called Moon Cakes．
For generations, moon cakes have been made with sweet fillings of nuts, mashed red beans, lotus-seed paste or Chinese dates, wrapped in pastry． Sometimes a cooked egg yolk can be found in the middle of this rich tasting dessert． Some people have compared moon cakes to the plum puddings and fruit cakes which are served in the English holiday seasons．
Nowadays, there are hundreds of varieties of moon cakes on sale a month before the arrival of the Moon Festival．

61． According to this passage, people eat moon cakes on the Moon Festival because ．

A． it is a tradition

B． moon cakes are tasty

C． moon cakes look like the moon

D． people want to remember the rebellion against the Mongolian rulers

62． The leaders ordered the special cakes to be made in order to ．

A． prize the rebels B． celebrate the holiday

C． plan the attack D． carry the message secretly

63． Why did those leaders want to overthrow the government?

A． Because they wanted to rule the country．

B． Because they were unhappy that China was ruled by the Mongolian．

C． Because they were from the preceding Song dynasty．

D． Because they wanted to celebrate the Moon Festival in their way．

64． Which of the following statements is WRONG?

A． China was once ruled by the Mongolian people during the Yuan dynasty．

B． Moon cakes were originally made to carry a message．

C． All moon cakes have a cooked egg yolk in them．

D． A variety of moon cakes can be bought a month before the Moon Festival now．

65． The best title for the passage is “_______”．

A． The origin of moon cakes B． Moon cakes and the Moon Festival

C． Moon Festival D． How the Moon Festival came into being

17、Do you know anything about the history of weather? Don’t look at the sky． Don’t look for old weather reports． Looking at the tree rings is more important． Correct weather reports date back only one century, but some trees can provide an exact record of weather even further back．

It is natural that a tree would grow best in a climate with plenty of sunlight and rainfall． It is also expected that little sunlight or rainfall would reduce the growth of a tree． The change from a favorable to an unfavorable climate can be found out by the reading pattern of rings in a tree trunk． To find out the weather of ten years ago, you can count the rings of a tree trunk from the outside to the inside． If the tenth ring is far from the other rings, then it is certain that plenty of sunny and rainy weather occurred． If the rings are close together, then the climate was bad for the tree．

Studying trees is important not only for the history of weather, but also for the history of man． In an area of New Mexico you can find only sand — no trees or people． However, many centuries ago a large population lived there． They left suddenly． Why?

A scientist studied the pattern of the rings of dead trees that had grown there． He made up his mind that the people had to leave because they had cut down all the trees． Trees were necessary to make fires and buildings． So, after the people destroyed the trees, they had to move．

In this example studying tree rings uncovered an exciting fact about the history of man．

56． We can find out the weather of five years ago by counting the rings of a tree trunk ____．

A． from the left to the right B． from the right to the left

C． from the inside to the outside D． from the outside to the inside

57． If the ring was far from the others, we can conclude that the weather of that year was ______．

A． bad B． sunny C． favorable D． rainy

58． By studying the rings of dead trees in an area of New Mexico, the scientist found _______．

A． why the people had to leave B． where the people had to go

C． what the people had to eat D． how the people left

59． The ancient people usually lived where there were plenty of trees mainly because ______．

A． trees provided an exact record of weather

B． trees could supply them with fruit and food

C． trees could supply them with shades

D． trees were materials for fires and buildings

60． By giving the example of an area of New Mexico, the author tries to prove ．

A． trees can’t live in the area without population

B． that studying trees is important for the history of man

C． what the relation is between tree rings and the history of man

D． the history of man is important for the history of trees

16、Japanese high school students do not drive cars． Many of them either walk 36 ride bicycles if the distance is not too great． In other 37 , a lot of students have to 38 public buses and trains, often changing lines several times in order to reach their 39 ． It is common for some students to 40 two or more hours each day on 41 transportation． After junior high school, students attend schools based 42 standardized high school entrance examination scores． As a result, some students travel a great distance to 43 the school． The school day begins at 8:30, so students may leave home 44 6:30． While some students sleep or study during their long travel, public transportation also 45 a chance for socializing with peers （同龄人）． Students 46 to school are regulated by school policies． These policies may prohibit 47 activities in public — chewing gum, consuming snacks, 48 books while walking — anything that might reflect 49 on the reputation of the school． Each school has a unique 50 that makes its students easily identifiable to 51 ． School policies often require students to 52 on buses and trains, 53 seats open for other passengers in order to show thoughtfulness towards others． In practice, 54 , students tend to relax 55 they move farther away from school．

36．A． but B． or C． and D． nor

37．A． cases B． schools C． areas D． countries

38．A． go B． have C． take D． get

39．A． homes B． destinations C． companies D． classrooms

40．A． take B． cost C． spend D． have

41．A． public B． private C． school D． government

42．A． in B． at C． on D． to

43．A． go B． leave C． attend D． pass

44．A． as early as B． as late as C． as hurry as D． as long as

45．A． gives B． offers C． sends D． takes

46．A． on the way B． in the way C． by the way D． at the way

47．A． sure B． certain C． special D． probable

48．A． carrying B． taking C． holding D． reading

49．A． worse B． well C． badly D． truly

50．A． uniform B． hairstyle C． schoolbag D． playground

51．A． the teachers B． the students C． the public D． the adults

52．A． silence B． sit C． seat D． stand

53．A． having B． getting C． putting D． leaving

54．A． however B． but C． even D． still

55．A． which B． as C． that D． so

15、 ______ she were admitted into Beijing University．

A． As if B． Only if C． If only D． Even if

14、--- Did you enjoyed yourself during the winter holiday?

--- Not a bit． _______ for the snowstorm, I would have had a great time．

A． Not being B． It were not

C． Without being D． Had it not been

13、 Helen had to shout ______ above the sound of the music．

A． making herself hear B． to make herself hear

C． making herself heard D． to make herself heard

12、 _______ I appreciate the honor, I couldn’t have saved the old man without the help of firefighters．

A． Since B． While

C． Because D． Unless

11、A computer does only what thinking people _________．

A． have it do B． have it done

C． have done it D． having it done

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