For some time past,it has been widely accepted that babies—and other creatures—learn to do things because certain acts lead to “rewards(报酬)”,and there is no reason to doubt that this is true. But it used also to be widely believed that effective rewards, at least in the early time, had to be directly connected to such basic physiological(生理的) “drives” as thirst or hunger. In other words, a baby would learn if he got food or drink or some sort of physical comfort, not otherwise.?

It is now clear that this is not so. Babies will learn to behave in ways that produce results in the world with no reward except success in sight.?

Papousek began his studies by using milk in the normal way to “reward” the babies and to teach them to carry out some simple movements, such as turning the head to one side or the other.Then he noticed that a baby who had  had enough to drink would refuse the milk but would still go on making the learned response(回答) with clear signs of pleasure. So he began to study the children's responses in situations where no milk was provided. He quickly found that children as young as four months would learn to turn their heads to right or left if the movement “turned on” some lights—and indeed that they were able to learn some more turns to bring about(产生) this result,for example,two left or two right,or even to make as many as three turns to one side.?

Papousek's light experiment was placed directly in front of the babies and he made the interesting observation that sometimes they would not turn back to watch the light closely ?although? they would “smile and speak” when the light was on.Papousek concluded that it was not the sight of the lights which pleased them.It was the success they were achieving in solving the problem,in mastering the skill,and then there is a basic human nature to make sense of the world and bring it under control.?

According to the writer,babies learn to do things which _______.?

A. will satisfy their surprise B. will meet their physical needs?

C. are directly connected to pleasure D. will bring them a feeling of success

Papousek noticed in his studies that a baby _______.

A. would make learned responses when it saw the milk ?

B. would continue the simple movements without being given milk ?

C. would turn its head to right or left when it had enough to drink?

D. would carry out learned movements when it had enough to drink ?

In Papousek's experiment babies make learned movements of the head in order to _______.

A. be praised  B. please their parents?

C. be rewarded with milk D. have the lights turned on ?

The babies would “smile and speak” at the lights because _______.?

A. they succeeded in “turning on” the lights?

B. the sight of lights was interesting?

C. they need not turn back to watch the lights?

D. the lights were directly connected to some basic “drives”

For some time past it has been widely accepted that babies----and other creatures----learn to do things because certain acts lead to “rewards”; and there is no reason to doubt that this is true. But it used also to be widely believed that effective rewards, at least in the early stages, had to be directly related to such basic physiological (生理的) “drive” as thirst or hunger. In other words, a baby would learn if he got food or drink or some sort of physical comfort, not otherwise.
It is now clear that this is not so. Babies will learn to behave in ways that produce results in the world with no reward except the successful outcome.
Paousek began his studies by using milk in the normal way to “reward” the babies and so teach them to carry out some simple movements, such as turning the head to one side or the other. Then he noticed that a baby who had enough to drink would refuse the milk but would still go on making the learned response with clear signs of pleasure. So he began to study the children’s response in situation where no milk was provided. He quickly found that children as young as four months would learn to turn their heads to right or left if the movement “switched on a display of lights---- and indeed that they were able to learn quite complicated turns to bring about this result, for instance, two left or two right, or even to make as many as three turns to one side.
Papousek’s light display was placed directly in front of the babies and he made the interesting observation that sometimes they would turn back to watch the lights closely although they would “smile and bubble” when the display came on. Papousek concluded that it was not primarily the sight of lights which pleased them, it was the success that they were achieving in solving the problem, in mastering the skill, and that there exists a primary human urge to make sense of the world and bring it under intentional control.
72.According to the author, babies learn to do things which ____.
A. are directly related to pleasure          B. will meet their physical needs
C. will bring them a feeling of success          D. will satisfy their curiosity
73.Papousek noticed in the studies that a baby ____.
A. would make learned response when it saw the milk
B. would carry out learned movements when it had enough to drink
C. would continue the simple movements without being given milk
D. would turn its head to right or life when it had enough to drink
74.In Papousek’s experiment babies make learned movements of the head in order to ____.
A. have the lights turned on              B. be rewarded with milk
C. please their parents                   D. be praised
75.According to Papousek, the pleasure babies get in achieving is a reflection of ____.
A. a basic human desire to understand and control the world
B. the satisfaction of certain physiological needs
C. their strong desire to solve complex problem
D. an important human urge to display their learned skills

For some time past it has been widely accepted that babies----and other creatures----learn to do things because certain acts lead to “rewards”; and there is no reason to doubt that this is true. But it used also to be widely believed that effective rewards, at least in the early stages, had to be directly related to such basic physiological (生理的) “drive” as thirst or hunger. In other words, a baby would learn if he got food or drink or some sort of physical comfort, not otherwise.

It is now clear that this is not so. Babies will learn to behave in ways that produce results in the world with no reward except the successful outcome.

Paousek began his studies by using milk in the normal way to “reward” the babies and so teach them to carry out some simple movements, such as turning the head to one side or the other. Then he noticed that a baby who had enough to drink would refuse the milk but would still go on making the learned response with clear signs of pleasure. So he began to study the children’s response in situation where no milk was provided. He quickly found that children as young as four months would learn to turn their heads to right or left if the movement “switched on a display of lights---- and indeed that they were able to learn quite complicated turns to bring about this result, for instance, two left or two right, or even to make as many as three turns to one side.

 Papousek’s light display was placed directly in front of the babies and he made the interesting observation that sometimes they would turn back to watch the lights closely although they would “smile and bubble” when the display came on. Papousek concluded that it was not primarily the sight of lights which pleased them, it was the success that they were achieving in solving the problem, in mastering the skill, and that there exists a fundamental human urge to make sense of the world and bring it under intentional control.

47.According to the author, babies learn to do things which ____.

   A. are directly related to pleasure                    B. will meet their physical needs

   C. will bring them a feeling of success          D. will satisfy their curiosity

48.Papousek noticed in the studies that a baby ____.

   A. would make learned response when it saw the milk

   B. would carry out learned movements when it had enough to drink

   C. would continue the simple movements without being given milk

   D. would turn its head to right or life when it had enough to drink

49.In Papousek’s experiment babies make learned movements of the head in order to ____. 

   A. have the lights turned on                      B. be rewarded with milk

   C. please their parents                           D. be praised

50.According to Papousek, the pleasure babies get in achieving is a reflection of ____.

   A. a basic human desire to understand and control the world

   B. the satisfaction of certain physiological needs

   C. their strong desire to solve complex problem

   D. a fundamental human urge to display their learned skills

For some time past,it has been widely accepted that babies—and other creatures—learn to do things because certain acts lead to “rewards(报酬)”,and there is no reason to doubt that this is true. But it used also to be widely believed that effective rewards, at least in the early time, had to be directly connected to such basic physiological(生理的) “drives” as thirst or hunger. In other words, a baby would learn if he got food or drink or some sort of physical comfort, not otherwise.?
It is now clear that this is not so. Babies will learn to behave in ways that produce results in the world with no reward except success in sight.?
Papousek began his studies by using milk in the normal way to “reward” the babies and to teach them to carry out some simple movements, such as turning the head to one side or the other.Then he noticed that a baby who had  had enough to drink would refuse the milk but would still go on making the learned response(回答) with clear signs of pleasure. So he began to study the children's responses in situations where no milk was provided. He quickly found that children as young as four months would learn to turn their heads to right or left if the movement “turned on” some lights—and indeed that they were able to learn some more turns to bring about(产生) this result,for example,two left or two right,or even to make as many as three turns to one side.?
Papousek's light experiment was placed directly in front of the babies and he made the interesting observation that sometimes they would not turn back to watch the light closely ?although? they would “smile and speak” when the light was on.Papousek concluded that it was not the sight of the lights which pleased them.It was the success they were achieving in solving the problem,in mastering the skill,and then there is a basic human nature to make sense of the world and bring it under control.?

1. 1.

   According to the writer,babies learn to do things which _______.?

   1. A.
      will satisfy their surprise
   2. B.
      will meet their physical needs?
   3. C.
      are directly connected to pleasure
   4. D.
      will bring them a feeling of success
2. 2.

   Papousek noticed in his studies that a baby _______.

   1. A.
      would make learned responses when it saw the milk ?
   2. B.
      would continue the simple movements without being given milk ?
   3. C.
      would turn its head to right or left when it had enough to drink?
   4. D.
      would carry out learned movements when it had enough to drink ?
3. 3.

   In Papousek's experiment babies make learned movements of the head in order to _______.

   1. A.
      be praised
   2. B.
      please their parents?
   3. C.
      be rewarded with milk
   4. D.
      have the lights turned on ?
4. 4.

   The babies would “smile and speak” at the lights because _______.?

   1. A.
      they succeeded in “turning on” the lights?
   2. B.
      the sight of lights was interesting?
   3. C.
      they need not turn back to watch the lights?
   4. D.
      the lights were directly connected to some basic “drives”

For some time past it has been widely accepted that babies----and other creatures----learn to do things because certain acts lead to “rewards”; and there is no reason to doubt that this is true. But it used also to be widely believed that effective rewards, at least in the early stages, had to be directly related to such basic physiological (生理的) “drive” as thirst or hunger. In other words, a baby would learn if he got food or drink or some sort of physical comfort, not otherwise.

It is now clear that this is not so. Babies will learn to behave in ways that produce results in the world with no reward except the successful outcome.

Paousek began his studies by using milk in the normal way to “reward” the babies and so teach them to carry out some simple movements, such as turning the head to one side or the other. Then he noticed that a baby who had enough to drink would refuse the milk but would still go on making the learned response with clear signs of pleasure. So he began to study the children’s response in situation where no milk was provided. He quickly found that children as young as four months would learn to turn their heads to right or left if the movement “switched on a display of lights---- and indeed that they were able to learn quite complicated turns to bring about this result, for instance, two left or two right, or even to make as many as three turns to one side.

Papousek’s light display was placed directly in front of the babies and he made the interesting observation that sometimes they would turn back to watch the lights closely although they would “smile and bubble” when the display came on. Papousek concluded that it was not primarily the sight of lights which pleased them, it was the success that they were achieving in solving the problem, in mastering the skill, and that there exists a primary human urge to make sense of the world and bring it under intentional control.

72.According to the author, babies learn to do things which ____.

   A. are directly related to pleasure          B. will meet their physical needs

 C. will bring them a feeling of success           D. will satisfy their curiosity

73.Papousek noticed in the studies that a baby ____.

   A. would make learned response when it saw the milk

   B. would carry out learned movements when it had enough to drink

   C. would continue the simple movements without being given milk

   D. would turn its head to right or life when it had enough to drink

74.In Papousek’s experiment babies make learned movements of the head in order to ____.

   A. have the lights turned on               B. be rewarded with milk

   C. please their parents                    D. be praised

75.According to Papousek, the pleasure babies get in achieving is a reflection of ____.

   A. a basic human desire to understand and control the world

   B. the satisfaction of certain physiological needs

   C. their strong desire to solve complex problem

   D. an important human urge to display their learned skills

For some time past, it has been widely accepted that babies—and other creatures—learn to do things because certain acts lead to “rewards(报酬)”,and there is no reason to doubt that this is true. But it used also to be widely believed that effective rewards, at least in the early time, had to be directly connected to such basic physiological(生理的) “drives” as thirst or hunger. In other words, a baby would learn if he got food or drink or some sort of physical comfort, not otherwise.

It is now clear that this is not so. Babies will learn to behave in ways that produce results in the world with no reward except success in sight.

Papousek began his studies by using milk in the normal way to “reward” the babies and to teach them to carry out some simple movements, such as turning the head to one side or the other. Then he noticed that a baby who had  had enough to drink would refuse the milk but would still go on making the learned response(回答) with clear signs of pleasure. So he began to study the children's responses in situations where no milk was provided. He quickly found that children as young as four months would learn to turn their heads to right or left if the movement “turned on” some lights—and indeed that they were able to learn some more turns to bring about(产生) this result, for example, two left or two right, or even to make as many as three turns to one side. Papousek's light experiment was placed directly in front of the babies and he made the interesting observation that sometimes they would not turn back to watch the light closely although they would “smile and speak” when the light was on. Papousek concluded that it was not the sight of the lights which pleased them. It was the success they were achieving in solving the problem, in mastering the skill, and then there is a basic human nature to make sense of the world and bring it under control.

1．According to the writer, babies learn to do things which _______.

       A．will satisfy their surprise                      B．will meet their physical needs

       C．are directly connected to pleasure         D．will bring them a feeling of success

2．Papousek noticed in his studies that a baby _______.

       A．would make learned responses when it saw the milk

       B．would continue the simple movements without being given milk

       C．would turn its head to right or left when it had enough to drink

       D．would carry out learned movements when it had enough to drink

3．In Papousek's experiment babies make learned movements of the head in order to _______.

       A．be praised                                           B．please their parents

       C．be rewarded with milk                         D．have the lights turned on

4．The babies would “smile and speak” at the lights because _______.

       A．they succeeded in “turning on” the lights

       B．the sight of lights was interesting

       C．they need not turn back to watch the lights

       D．the lights were directly connected to some basic “drives”

For some time past it has been widely accepted that babies—and other creatures—learn to do things because certain acts lead to “rewards”. It used also to be widely believed that effective reward, at least in the early stages, had to be directly related to such basic physiological “drives” as thirst or hunger. In other words, a baby would learn if he got food or drink of some sort of physical comfort, not otherwise.

It is now clear that this is not so. Babies will learn to behave in ways that produce results with no reward except the successful outcome.

Papousek began his studies by using milk in the normal way to “reward” the babies and so teach them to carry out some simple movements, such as turning the head to one side or the other. Then he noticed that a baby who had had enough to drink would refuse the milk but would still go on making the learned response with clear signs of pleasure. So he began to study the children’s responses in situations where no milk was provided. He quickly found that children as young as four months would learn to turn their heads to right or left if the movement “switched on” a display of lights—and indeed that they had the ability to learn quite complex turns to bring about this result, for instance, two left or two right, or even to make as many as three turns to one side.

Papusek’s light display was placed directly in front of the babies and he made the interesting observation that sometimes they would not turn back to watch the lights closely although they would “smile and bubble” when the display came on. Papousek concluded that it was not primarily the sight of the lights which pleased them, it was the success they were achieving in solving the problem, in mastering the skill, and that there exists a fundamental human urge to make sense of the world and bring it under intentional control. 

63. According to the author, babies learn to do things which ______.

A. are directly related to pleasure              B. will bring them a feeling of success

C. will meet their physical needs              D. will satisfy their curiosity

64. Papousek noticed in his studies that a baby would ______.

A. make learned responses when it saw the milk

B. carry out learned movements when it had enough to drink

C. continue the simple movements without being given milk

D. turn its head to right or left when it had enough to drink

65. The babies would “smile and bubble” at the lights because ______.

A. the lights were directly related to some basic “drives”

B. the sight of the lights was interesting

C. they need not turn back to watch the lights

D. they succeeded in “switching on” the lights

66. According to Papousek, the babies’ pleasure in achieving something is a reflection of _____.

A. a basic human desire to understand and control the world

B. the satisfaction of certain physiological needs

C. their strong desire to solve complex problems

D. a fundamental human urge to display their learned skills

For some time past, it has been widely accepted that babies－and other creatures－learn to do things because certain acts lead to “ rewards ”, and there is no reason to doubt that this is true. But it used also to be widely believed that effective rewards, at least in the early time, had to be directly connected to such basic physiological（生理的）“drives” as thirst or hunger. In other words, a baby would learn if he got food or drink or some sort of physical comfort, not otherwise.

It is now clear that this is not so. Babies will learn to behave in ways that produce results in the world with no rewards except success in sight.

Papousek began his studies by using milk in the normal way to “reward” the babies and to teach them to carry out some simple movements, such as turning the head to one side or the other. Then he noticed that a baby who had had enough to drink would refuse the milk but would still go on making the learned response with clear signs of pleasure. So he began to study the children’s responses in situations where no milk was provided. He quickly found that children as young as four months would learn to turn their heads to right or left if the movement “turned on” some lights－and indeed that they were able to learn quite complex turns to bring about this result, for example, two left or two right, or even to make as many as three turns to one side.

Papousek’s light experiment was placed directly in front of the babies and he made the interesting observation that sometimes they would not turn back to watch the light closely although they would “smile and bubble” when the light was on. Papousek concluded that it was not the sight of the lights which pleased them; it was the success they were achieving in solving the problem, in mastering the skill, and that there exists a basic human desire to make sense of the world and bring it under intended control.

56. The author uses the widely accepted concept to start with the passage in order to _______ .

A. arouse the readers’ interest            

B. make readers understand the new discovery smoothly

C. serve as a base to start his new discovery

D. encourage readers to raise questions

57. Which of the following is NOT the key factor in Papousek’s study?

A. The research method from milk to light.

B. The different responses of the babies.

C. The discovery of the result is not the reward.

D. The place or situations where the display is conducted.

58. The reason for the babies smiling and bubbling in Paragraph 4 is probably that _______.

   A. the can watch the lights closely and curiously

B. they are offered milk as “reward”

C. they succeed in “turning on” the lights

D. the lights serve as basic “drives”

59. The pleasure the babies showed is a reflection of _______.

 A. basic physiological “drives”

B. a basic human desire to understand and control the world

C. some sort of physical comfort

D. a basic desire to show their learned skills