Read the following text and choose the most suitable heading form A-F for each paragraph. There is one extra heading which you do not need.

1．              

       You should always seek grant（奖学金）opportunities that match your program’s goals and objectives rather than the other way around. If you change your program based on an investor’s guidelines, you may end up with a project or program that is mere shell（框架）of the original plan. The goal of grant writing is not simply to bring more money in for your agency; the goal is to fund programs that will meet the needs of your investor.

2．              

       Most funding agencies publish grant guidelines or requirements. Make sure you understand them and follow them exactly. Note the deadline and whether the proposal must be received by the deadline. Don’t have your proposal thrown out because you didn’t follow the guidelines properly. Exceptions are rarely made, regardless of the circumstances. Some investors have special requirements; follow them!

3．               

       Your “needs statement” drives your entire grant proposal. The proposed program should revolve around the problems faced by your clients. The purpose of the grant is to meet the specific needs you have identified. If you have not adequately described the reason you need the program, including the research data when possible, the investor will see no reason to invest in your project.

4．              

       Every proposal will require a section that describes the broad goals and measurable objectives of your project. You should detail the activities of your project Your budget and budget narrative must closely match the described activities. Your evaluation should carefully measure whether the stated project objectives are being met on a timely basis. Foundation and corporate investors generally expect this section to be no longer than 5 to 10 pages. Federal grants may allow up to 50 pages or more for a thorough discussion of your project. Again, follow the guidelines of the investor.

5．              

       If you are fortunate enough to have your proposal funded, send a thank-you note for the grant. Next, keep the funding agency informed about your activities, progress and accomplishments. Invite them to come to see your program in operation. Send reports that tell how you’ve used the funds. In short, make your investor your partner.

Read the following text and choose the most suitable heading from A-F for each paragraph. There is one extra heading which you do not need．

1．

    Nowadays．millions of people misuse and even overuse pain medications and other drugs．Research by the American National Institute on Drug Abuse （NIDA, 1999） shows that around 2% of the population over age 12 were using drugs non-medically．

2．

NIDA views medications as a powerful force for good in the contemporary world．They reduce and remove pain for millions of people suffering from illness and disease．They make it possible for doctors to perform complicated surgery to save lives．Many people afflicted by serious medical conditions are able to control their symptoms and become active, contributing citizens．NIDA points out that most individuals who take these drags use them in a responsible．

3．

Nevertheless．overuse of drugs such as opioids, central nervous system （CNS） depressants and stimulants does lead to harmful reliance in some people and is therefore becoming a serious public health concern．Although this abuse affects many people worldwide, particular trends of concern to the medical profession in the US appear among older adults, teenagers and women．

4．

Though it may be a surprise to many, the misuse of medications may be the most common form of drug abuse among the elderly．Dr Kenneth Schrader of Duke University, North Carolina states that although the elderly represent about 13% of the US population, those aged 65 and over account for the consumption of one third of all drugs．People in this age group use medications roughly three times more than the general population and have poorer compliance with instruction for use．In another study of elderly patients admitted to treatment programs, 70% were women who had overused medicines．

5．

Unfortunately, this trend among women does not only affect those aged over 65．In general, among women and men who are using either an anti-anxiety drug or a sedative, women are twice as likely to become addicted．In addition, statistics compiled for 12-17 year olds show that teenage girls are more likely than teenage boys to begin overusing psychotherapeutic medication such as painkillers, tranquillisers, stimulants and sedatives．

Directions: Read the following text and choose the most suitable heading from A – F for each paragraph. There is one extra heading which you do not need.

How They Stay Young

76.________________

When Dr David Weeks，a clinical neuro-psychologist at the Royal Edinburgh Hospital in Scotland．wanted to look into the secrets of eternal（永久的） youth ，he advertised for subjects who looked younger than their age．An independent panel examined photographs of respondents，and selected 3,500 people who looked on average l2 to 14 years younger than their actual age to take part in the study．

77．________________

These subjects were studied for eight years．The main aim of the study was to discover whether environment or heredity had more effect on the ageing process．The conclusion was that genetic programming is the main factor．But the study also showed that avoiding stress can slow down the ageing process．

78．________________

Stress seems to have an immediate effect on appearance．A separate study of middle-aged women showed that women suffering form serious stress looked older in just a few months．Yet when the problem causing the stress was removed，they very quickly looked younger．

79．________________

Here is a list of the factors that Dr．Weeks found that allowed his subjects to lead less stressful lives than others．First，they tend to have happy relationships with their partners．These relationships are based on trust and empathy，and provide security and comfort when dealing with stressful problems．Secondly，they tended to avoid sources of hostility instead of allowing them to make them angry．

80．________________

Next, they seem to have a good sense of humor．They like to have fun，and are enthusiastically involved in a variety of hobbies．They also seemed less willing to conform to others’ ideas．They prefer to think for themselves．They tend to have a good attitude towards health and exercise as well．They avoid the sun，do not smoke, and eat a healthy diet．

So these are the secrets of the “ super-young”：a loving relationship．Regular exercise．a variety of hobbies，a healthy diet and avoidance of stress．

Directions: Read the following text and choose the most suitable heading from A-F for each paragraph. There is one extra heading which you do not need.

   Auctions are public sales of goods, conducted by an officially approved auctioneer. He asks the crowd assembled in the auction-room to make offers, or “bids” for the various items on sale. He encourages buyers to bid higher figures, and finally names the highest bidder as the buyer of the goods. This is called “knocking down” the goods., for the bidding ends when the auctioneer strikes a small hammer on a table at which he stands.

2.

   The ancient Roman probably invented sales by auction, and the English word comes from the Latin auctio, meaning “increase”. The Romans usually sold in this way the goods taken in war. In England in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, goods were often sold “by the candle”, a short candle was lit by the auctioneer and bids could be made while it stayed alight.

3.

   Practically all goods whose qualities vary are sold by auction. Among these are coffee, skins, wool, tea, furs, silk and wines. Auction sales are also usual for land and property, furniture, pictures, rare boks, old china and similar works of art.

4.

   An auction is usually advertised beforehand with full particulars of the articles to be sold and where and when they can be viewed by potential buyers. If the advertisement cannot give full details. Catalogues are printed, and each group of goods to be sold together, called a “lot”, is usually given a number. The auctioneer need not begin with Lot I and continue in the order of numbers: he may wait until he notices the fact that certain buyers are in the room and then produce the lots they are likely to be interested in.

5.

   The auctioneer’s services are paid for in the form of a percentage of the price the goods are sold for. The auctioneer therefore has a direct interest in pushing up the bidding as high as possible. He will not waste time by starting the bidding too low. He will also play on the opponents among his buyers and succeed in getting a high price by encouraging two business competitors to bid against each other.

Directions: Read the following text and choose the most suitable heading from A – F for each paragraph. There is one extra heading which you do not need.

How They Stay Young

76.________________

When Dr David Weeks，a clinical neuro-psychologist at the Royal Edinburgh Hospital in Scotland．wanted to look into the secrets of eternal（永久的） youth ，he advertised for subjects who looked younger than their age．An independent panel examined photographs of respondents，and selected 3,500 people who looked on average l2 to 14 years younger than their actual age to take part in the study．

77．________________

    These subjects were studied for eight years．The main aim of the study was to discover whether environment or heredity had more effect on the ageing process．The conclusion was that genetic programming is the main factor．But the study also showed that avoiding stress can slow down the ageing process．

78．________________

    Stress seems to have an immediate effect on appearance．A separate study of middle-aged women showed that women suffering form serious stress looked older in just a few months．Yet when the problem causing the stress was removed，they very quickly looked younger．

79．________________

    Here is a list of the factors that Dr．Weeks found that allowed his subjects to lead less stressful lives than others．First，they tend to have happy relationships with their partners．These relationships are based on trust and empathy，and provide security and comfort when dealing with stressful problems．Secondly，they tended to avoid sources of hostility instead of allowing them to make them angry．

80．________________

    Next, they seem to have a good sense of humor．They like to have fun，and are enthusiastically involved in a variety of hobbies．They also seemed less willing to conform to others’ ideas．They prefer to think for themselves．They tend to have a good attitude towards health and exercise as well．They avoid the sun，do not smoke, and eat a healthy diet．

    So these are the secrets of the “ super-young”：a loving relationship．Regular exercise．a variety of hobbies，a healthy diet and avoidance of stress．

Directions: Read the following text and choose the most suitable heading from A-F for each

paragraph. There is one extra heading which you do not need.

1.

   Nowadays. millions of people misuse and even overuse pain medications and other drugs. Research by the American National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA, 1999) shows that around 2% of the population over age 12 were using drugs non-medically.

2.

   NIDA views medications as a powerful force for good in the contemporary world. They reduce and remove pain for millions of people suffering from illness and disease. They make it possible for doctors to perform complicated surgery to save lives. Many people afflicted by serious medical conditions are able to control their symptoms and become active, contributing citizens. NIDA points out that most individuals who take these drags use them in a responsible.

3.

   Nevertheless, overuse of drugs such as opioids, central nervous system (CNS) depressants and stimulants does lead to harmful reliance in some people and is therefore becoming a serious public health concern. Although this abuse affects many people worldwide, particular trends of concern to the medical profession in the US appear among older adults, teenagers arid women.

4.

   Though it may be a surprise to many, the misuse of medications may be the most common form of drug abuse among the elderly. Dr Kenneth Schrader of Duke University, North Carolina states that although the elderly represent about 13% of the US population, those aged 65 and over account for the consumption of one third of all drugs. People in this age group use medications roughly three times more than the general population and have poorer compliance with instruction for use. In another study of elderly patients admitted to treatment programs, 70% were women who had overused medicines.

5.

   Unfortunately, this trend among women does not only affect those aged over

   In general, among women and men who are using either an anti-anxiety drug or a sedative, women are twice as likely to become addicted. In addition, statistics compiled for 12-17 year olds show that teenage girls are more likely than teenage boys to begin overusing psychotherapeutic medication such as painkillers, tranquillizers, stimulants and sedatives.

Directions: Read the following text and choose the most suitable heading from A-F for each

paragraph. There is one extra heading which you do not need.

56 .               

   Nowadays. millions of people misuse and even overuse pain medications and other drugs. Research by the American National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA, 1999) shows that around 2% of the population over age 12 were using drugs non-medically.

57.

   NIDA views medications as a powerful force for good now. They reduce and remove pain for millions of people suffering from illness and disease. They make it possible for doctors to perform operations to save lives. Many people living with diseases are able to control their symptoms（症状） and become active, contributing citizens. NIDA points out that most individuals who take these drags use them in a responsible way.

58.

   However, overuse of drugs such as opioids, central nervous system (CNS) depressants and stimulants does lead to harmful reliance（药物依赖） in some people and is therefore becoming a serious public health problem. Although this overuse affects many people worldwide, particular trends of concern to the medical profession in the US appear among older adults, teenagers arid women.

59.

   Though it may be a surprise to many, the misuse of medications may be the most common form of drug abuse among the elderly. Dr Kenneth Schrader of Duke University, North Carolina states that although the elderly represent about 13% of the US population, those aged 65 and over account for the consumption of one third of all drugs. People in this age group use medications roughly three times more than the general population and have poorer compliance with instruction for use. In another study of elderly patients admitted to treatment programs, 70% were women who had overused medicines.

60.

   Unfortunately, this trend among women does not only affect those aged over

   In general, among women and men who are using either an anti-anxiety drug or a sedative, women are twice as likely to become addicted. In addition, statistics compiled for 12-17 year olds show that teenage girls are more likely than teenage boys to begin overusing psychotherapeutic medication such as painkillers, tranquillizers, stimulants and sedatives.