.

Section D

Directions: Read the passage carefully. Then answer the questions and complete the statements in the fewest possible words.

An addiction（瘾）is an activity or substance we are eager to experience repeatedly, and for which we are willing if necessary to pay a price. Common addictions involve alcohol, cigarettes, food, drugs, gambling, etc. This article discusses the concepts which can be helpful in coping with addictive behavior. 

Relatively minor addictions, such as watching too much television, or lying in bed on weekend mornings, are often not even considered addictions, because the price paid for engaging in them is not high. On the other hand, we tend to use the term “addict” to describe the person who, at least in the eyes of others, continues to be addicted in a behavior long after it has become clear that the substantial price being paid was not worth the benefit. The individual who has lost career, house, family and friends because of cocaine (可卡因) use, but is unwilling to consider stopping is an unfortunate example.

Negative addictions range from those with very minor negative consequences, to those as serious as the cocaine addict just mentioned, with much area in between. Although it is not necessarily true that a negative addiction grows stronger over time, yet a constant level of addictive behavior (e.g., overspending $ 200 a week ) can lead to an increasing level of negative consequences.

You may be surprised to learn that addictions can also be considered positive. Positive addictions are those in which the benefits outweigh the price. A common example would be the habit of regular exercise. The price of membership in a gym, the time involved and any clothing expense is outweighed by the benefits of better health, energy, self-confidence and appearance. As with negative addictions, positive addictions may not get stronger over time, and there is a broad range of how much benefit is actually obtained.

What is common to both positive and negative addictions is the urge to engage in the addictive behavior, and the satisfaction that is felt when the urge is acted upon. The urge is a state of tension and expectation that is experienced uncomfortably as a desire for the substance or activity. Because we experience relief when the urge is acted upon, there is an increased likelihood that we will act on the urge again.

81. What does the passage mainly talk about?

___________________________________________________________________________

82.We use the term “addict” to describe a person when he or she goes on _______________even

though he or she knows it is not worthwhile.

___________________________________________________________________________

83. Why is exercising in the gym considered to be a positive addiction?

_______________________________________________.

84. How do people feel when the urge is acted on?

   _______________________________________________.

(Note: Answer the questions and complete the statements in NO MORE THAN TEN WORDS)

Section D

Directions: Read the passage carefully. Then answer the questions and complete the statements in the fewest possible words.

 “Teach a parrot to say ‘demand and supply’ and you’ll have an economist”. While this is an obvious exaggeration, it does contain a little of truth. It is the interaction of the economic forces of supply and demand that determines the price paid for a given product or service. In turn, the price determines how that product or service will be distributed and used in a free enterprise economy.

Demand is more than just the desire for some product or service. It also involves the ability to buy. True demand exists when people not only desire goods or services, but also have the buying power to purchase them and are willing to part with some of that buying in order to purchase them.

Common sense tells us that if the price of a product, such as a sports car, were $5000, more people would be willing to buy it than if the price were $25000. This is the law of demand: as price goes up, the quantity demanded goes down. The reverse is also true: if price goes down, the quantity demanded goes up.

Supply results from the desire and effort of producers to satisfy consumer demands. Just as consumers’ desires and willingness to spend affect demand, so producers’ and suppliers’ willingness and ability to provide goods and services affect supply. The law of supply says: as price goes up, the quantity supplied goes up, and as price goes down, the quantity supplied goes down. Obviously, as the price of a product goes down, producers become less willing to supply the product and the quantity supplied decreases.

85. ______ is an important factor that determines the distribution and use of a product in a free

enterprise economy. 

86. According to the passage, if prices go up, people would ____________.

87. What are the two factors that affect supply?

88. What is the author’s implication of the beginning sentence?

第II卷

I. Translation:

Section D

Directions: Read the passage carefully. Then answer the questions or complete the statements in the fewest possible words.

In today’s world, the most successful companies are the ones who understand how important it is to make contacts around the world. However, doing business in different countries is very rarely simple. It is important to be aware of the local customs and traditions of the people you are dealing with, which is the best way to impress your hosts.

One example that comes to mind is of a German company that recently tried to gain a new contract in South Korea. The German visitors arrived at the Korean company’s office early in the morning and spent the whole day in long meetings. By the evening, the Germans were so tired that they politely declined the Korean’s invitation to go out for dinner and drinks, since they wanted to return to their hotel and get some rest. The Germans did not understand that in South Korea business talks often continue into the evening. The Germans only came to realize that they offended their hosts after they had lost the contract.  

In Europe or the USA, business is rarely discussed into the evening. However, it is important to be on time for a meeting. If you are late, your hosts may think you do not care. In fact, it is better to arrive at least ten minutes before the meeting starts. This way, you can show how keen you are to do business with them, and you will also have time to talk with your hosts before you sit down to discuss business.

However, in many countries meetings may not start on time. There are a number of reasons for this, such as transport difficulties due to poor roads, unusual weather and the cost of cars. Sometimes the time of day is also important. In South America and many countries in southern Europe, people have a short sleep for a couple of hours after lunch. Therefore, if you try to arrange a meeting for the early afternoon, you may find that not many people will attend, or that you hosts will be in a bad mood.

(Note: Answer the questions or complete the statements in NO MORE THAN TWELVE WORDS.)

81. In Korea, what confuses many western businessmen is _______.

_____________________________________________________________________________

82. In the West, what does a businessman do if he wants to show a keen attitude to the business in

a negotiation?

_____________________________________________________________________________

83. Where is it common for people to have a nap after lunch?

_____________________________________________________________________________

84. According to the passage, it can be concluded that _______ helps a company make good

contacts in different countries.

_____________________________________________________________________________

Section D

Directions: Read the passage carefully. Then answer the questions or complete the statements in the fewest possible words.

Imagine a world in which there was suddenly no emotion—a world in which human beings could feel no love or happiness, no terror or hate. Try to imagine the consequences of such a transformation. People might not be able to stay alive: knowing neither joy nor pleasure, neither anxiety nor fear, they would be as likely to repeat acts that hurt them as acts that were beneficial. They could not learn: they could not benefit from experience because this emotionless world would lack rewards and punishments. Society would soon disappear: people would be as likely to harm one another as to provide help and support. Human relationships would not exist: in a world without friends or enemies, there could be no marriage, affection among companions, or bonds among members of groups. Society’s economic functions would be destroyed: since earning $10 million would be no more pleasant than earning $10, there would be no motivation to work. In fact, there would be no motivation of any kind. For as we will see, motivation implies a capacity to enjoy certain activties.

In such a world, the chances that the human species would survive are next to zero, because emotions are the basic instrument of our survival and adaptation. Emotions structure the world for us in important ways. As individuals, we categorize objects on the basis of our emotions. True we consider the length, shape, size, or texture, but an object’s physical aspects are less important than what it has done or can do to us—hurt us, surprise us, anger us or make us joyful. We also use categorizations colored by emotions in our families, communities, and overall society. Out of our emotional experiences with objects and events comes a social feeling of agreement that certain things and actions are “good” and others are “bad”, and we apply these categories to every aspect of our social life—from what foods we eat and what clothes we wear to how we keep promises and which people our group will accept. In fact, society exploits our emotional reactions and attitudes, such as loyalty, morality, pride, shame, guilt, fear and greed, in order to maintain itself. It gives high rewards to individuals when performing important tasks.

81. According to the passage, the concept of right or wrong comes from ____________.

___________________________________________________________________________________

82. Emotions are significant for man’s survival because ____________.

___________________________________________________________________________________

83. What would an emotionless world lack?

___________________________________________________________________________________

84. What is the result of the absence of emotion?

___________________________________________________________________________________

Section D

Directions: Read the passage carefully. Then answer the questions or complete the statements in the possible fewest words

If you ever felt like your doctor was trying to push you out of the examination room before you had a chance to explain your condition you are not alone.

A new study from the Mayo Clinic shows that most people agree on what makes a good doctor and it definitely isn’t one who hurries through a visit.

A doctor’s skills can affect a patient’s emotional response and recovery very positively or very negatively, a research shows. Based on the new study, which surveyed 192 patients, it can be concluded that a model doctor should be confident, sympathetic, kind, personal forthright, respectful and thorough.

“What every patient wants is a doctor who pays them personal attention” said James Li, a doctor at the Mayo Clinic Division of Allergic Diseases Li is helping to develop programs for teaching doctors how to strengthen their interactions with patients.

“It’s really the duty of the medical community to design a health care system, so that doctors are able to exhibit those qualities for the good of the patients,” he said.

Many patients nowadays are directed to urgent care facilities or , for lack of good insurance, forced to go to emergency rooms for problems that used to be handled right away. In either case, wait time can be hours and actual face time with a doctor might be just seconds.

“The days when doctors remembered their patients’ names might no longer exit , but medical schools can  fill in this crack  by adding in the seven behavioral things into their training.” Li said.

“If patients have opportunities to tell their stories, to be asked questions and have the doctors describe understanding of what has been shared , it leaves them feeling like they’re heard ” Lisaid.

(Note : Answer the questions or complete the statements in NO MORE THAN TEN WORDS)

81．When on duty, a doctor’s right behavior is___________.

_________________________________________________________________________________

82．What is the guarantee of exhibiting doctor’s good qualities?

_________________________________________________________________________________

83．By “fill in this crack”(underlined ) , the writer means_______.

_________________________________________________________________________________

84．What is this passage mainly concerned about?

_________________________________________________________________________________

Section D

Directions: Read the passage carefully. Then answer the questions or complete the statements in the fewest possible words.

Phys ed (physical education) is making a comeback as a part of the school core curriculum(核心课程)， but with a difference. While group sports are still part of the curriculum, the new way is to teach skills that are useful beyond gym class. Instead of learning how to climb a rope, children are taught to lift weights, balance their diets and build physical endurance. In this way，kids are given the tools and skills and experiences so they can lead a physically active life the rest of their life.

Considering that 15 percent of American children 6 to 18 are overweight, supporters say more money and thought must be put into phys ed curriculum. In many cases, that may mean not just replacing the old gym-class model with fitness programs but also starting up phys ed programs because school boards often "put P.E. on the chopping block, cutting it entirely or decreasing its teachers or the days it is offered," says Alicia Moag-Stahlberg, the executive director of Action for Health Kids. The difference in phys ed programs is partly due to the lack of a national standard. "Physical education needs to be part of the core curriculum," she added.

The wisdom of the new approach has some scientific support. Researchers at the University of Wisconsin have demonstrated how effective the fit-for-life model of gym class can be. They observed how 50 overweight children lost more weight when they cycled and skied cross-country than when they played sports. The researchers also found that teaching sports like football resulted in less overall movement, partly because reluctant students were able to sit on the bench.

Another problem with simply teaching group sports in gym class is that only a tiny percentage of students continue playing them after graduating from high school. The new method teaches sells that translate to adulthood.

(Note: Answer the questions or complete the statements in NO MORE THAN TEN WORDS.)

81. In the new P.E. program, children learn to lift weights, balance their diets and build physical endurance rather than ___________________.

____________________________________________________________________________

82. As for P.E., some school boards either ____________.

____________________________________________________________________________

83. What are the two problems with simply teaching group sports?

____________________________________________________________________________

84. What is the long-term benefit of the new P.E program?

____________________________________________________________________________

Section D

Directions: Read the passage carefully. Then answer the questions or complete the statements in the fewest possible words.

In today’s world, the most successful companies are the ones who understand how important it is to make contacts around the world. However, doing business in different countries is very rarely simple. It is important to be aware of the local customs and traditions of the people you are dealing with, which is the best way to impress your hosts.

One example that comes to mind is of a German company that recently tried to gain a new contract in South Korea. The German visitors arrived at the Korean company’s office early in the morning and spent the whole day in long meetings. By the evening, the Germans were so tired that they politely declined the Korean’s invitation to go out for dinner and drinks, since they wanted to return to their hotel and get some rest. The Germans did not understand that in South Korea business talks often continue into the evening. The Germans only came to realize that they offended their hosts after they had lost the contract.  

In Europe or the USA, business is rarely discussed into the evening. However, it is important to be on time for a meeting. If you are late, your hosts may think you do not care. In fact, it is better to arrive at least ten minutes before the meeting starts. This way, you can show how keen you are to do business with them, and you will also have time to talk with your hosts before you sit down to discuss business.

However, in many countries meetings may not start on time. There are a number of reasons for this, such as transport difficulties due to poor roads, unusual weather and the cost of cars. Sometimes the time of day is also important. In South America and many countries in southern Europe, people have a short sleep for a couple of hours after lunch. Therefore, if you try to arrange a meeting for the early afternoon, you may find that not many people will attend, or that you hosts will be in a bad mood.

(Note: Answer the questions or complete the statements in NO MORE THAN TWELVE WORDS.)

81. In Korea, what confuses many western businessmen is _______.

_____________________________________________________________________________

82. In the West, what does a businessman do if he wants to show a keen attitude to the business in

a negotiation?

_____________________________________________________________________________

83. Where is it common for people to have a nap after lunch?

_____________________________________________________________________________

84. According to the passage, it can be concluded that _______ helps a company make good

contacts in different countries.

_____________________________________________________________________________

.

Section D

Directions: Read the passage carefully.  Then answer the questions or complete the statements in the fewest possible words.

(E)

  In many corners of the world, mass malnutrition is a deadly threat to people’s life.  It is plainly defined as a state of insufficiency of food for the population, where the majority of the people do not obtain enough food calories (卡路里) to meet the lowest needs for support of physical work and for maintenance of health.  Compared with wars or natural disasters like earthquake or flood, mass malnutrition is rather an unnoticeable health killer, which escapes enough public attention.

   In Latin America, as in other places, the frightening protein-shortage disease kwashiorkor has been said to take toll of thousands of children, greatly affecting the area’s child population and leaves many more children in terribly poor health.  The reason for the problem might lie in the traditional diets in the area which are not balanced in nutrition.  Here people keep their eating pattern year after year without the knowledge of what these eating habits are doing to themselves and to future generations.

   In these poor areas, in stead of thoroughly altering the local people’s long-term habits, the best way might be to find food substitutes which could meet nutritional needs.  Mixtures of vegetable proteins, like soybeans and peanuts could provide cheap and useful protein where meat, eggs and milk are not within economic reach of large groups in population.

    Efforts could also be made to increase the agricultural productivity in some areas, where mass production of vegetable protein crops could bring life-saving nutrition to local people.  Being used wrongly, large areas of land now are devoted to luxurious entertainment constructions, such as golf course or riding field, which are targeted at a small number of rich people.  But isn’t a large area of productive planting land more acceptable and down-to-earth a choice to these countries suffering from mass malnutrition right now?

(Note: Answer the questions or complete the statements in NO MORE THAN 10  WORDS）

81. What is mass malnutrition?

___________________________________________________________________________

82. What does the underlined word “take toll of” probably mean?

___________________________________________________________________________

83. People can most effectively solve the mass malnutrition problem in some developing areas by ___________________________________________________________________________

84. It would be wise to use large areas of planting land for____________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

Section D

Directions: Read the passage carefully. Then answer the questions or complete the statements in the fewest possible words.

When it comes to finding their way back home, mice are definitely in the first place. In fact, they find their way around in much the same way we do!

Recently scientists at Oxford University found that wood mice have a rare ability. They actually create a type of “road sign” to tell themselves which way to go. Until now, most people did not think animals could do this.

Wood mice live in large open fields. One part of the field looks much like the next. Scientists wondered how wood mice kept from getting lost without landmarks. How did they remember where they hid their food? By studying a group of these mice, researchers learned that these clever mice pile seeds, leaves and other materials at places they want to remember.

What is truly remarkable is that these markers are visual. Wood mice have large eyes. They rely on their vision to fine their way. House mice, by contrast, follow their own smell to get back to their nests. However, leaving a small trail in an open field could be very dangerous. Enemies might use it to track down the little mice. Wood mice do not have to worry about this. Other animals do not know what their markers mean.

Researchers wanted to learn more about this unusual behavior. To do so, they needed to study the mice more closely. They decided to place a group of mice inside a box and film their activity. They also put some small plastic discs and a small amount of food in the box. Soon the mice began moving the discs. They used them to hide food. They also shifted them from place to place as they moved farther and farther away from their nesting area.

Researchers believe this new information may change how people think about these little creatures, and one of the first steps in realizing that mice are not as silly as we probably originally thought. One thing seems certain that these remarkable road signs will be a focus of scientific research for some time to come.

(Note: Answer the questions or complete the statements in NO MORE THAN TEN WORDS.)

81. How are wood mice different from house mice?

_____________________________________________________________________________

82. The rare ability wood mice have is _______________________.

_____________________________________________________________________________

83. Researchers found when wood mice moved farther and farther away from their nesting place, they _____________________________________________________________________________

84. Why do scientists study wood mice?

_____________________________________________________________________________

(Note: Answer the questions or complete the statements in NO MORE THAN TEN WORDS.)

Section D

Directions: Read the passage carefully. Then answer the questions or complete the statements in the possible fewest words

If you ever felt like your doctor was trying to push you out of the examination room before you had a chance to explain your condition you are not alone.

A new study from the Mayo Clinic shows that most people agree on what makes a good doctor and it definitely isn’t one who hurries through a visit.

A doctor’s skills can affect a patient’s emotional response and recovery very positively or very negatively, a research shows. Based on the new study, which surveyed 192 patients, it can be concluded that a model doctor should be confident, sympathetic, kind, personal forthright, respectful and thorough.

“What every patient wants is a doctor who pays them personal attention” said James Li, a doctor at the Mayo Clinic Division of Allergic Diseases Li is helping to develop programs for teaching doctors how to strengthen their interactions with patients.

“It’s really the duty of the medical community to design a health care system, so that doctors are able to exhibit those qualities for the good of the patients,” he said.

Many patients nowadays are directed to urgent care facilities or , for lack of good insurance, forced to go to emergency rooms for problems that used to be handled right away. In either case, wait time can be hours and actual face time with a doctor might be just seconds.

“The days when doctors remembered their patients’ names might no longer exit , but medical schools can  fill in this crack  by adding in the seven behavioral things into their training.” Li said.

       “If patients have opportunities to tell their stories, to be asked questions and have the doctors describe understanding of what has been shared , it leaves them feeling like they’re heard ” Lisaid.

       (Note : Answer the questions or complete the statements in NO MORE THAN TEN WORDS)

81．When on duty, a doctor’s right behavior is___________.

_________________________________________________________________________________

82．What is the guarantee of exhibiting doctor’s good qualities?

_________________________________________________________________________________

83．By “fill in this crack”(underlined ) , the writer means_______.

_________________________________________________________________________________

84．What is this passage mainly concerned about?

_________________________________________________________________________________