(一)宾语的定义
宾语表示动作的对象或行为的承受者，用在及物动词或相当于及物动词的短语动词之后。可以作宾语的有名词、代词、数词、不定式(短语)、名词化的形容词、?ing分词短语、从句等。
2．宾语
1．表语
(一)表语的定义
表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词(如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等)之后。
(二)表语的表现形式
表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不式式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。
(1)名词
Our teacher of English is an American.我们的英语老师是美国人。
He is an astronaut.他是一位宇航员。
(2)代词
Is this yours?这是你的吗？
That’s all I want to tell you.我要告诉你的就是这些。
(3)形容词
The weather has turned cold.天气变冷了。
Guilin is the most beautiful city that I have ever visited.桂林是我到过的最美丽的城市。
(4)分词
The speech is exciting.这演讲激动人心。
The teacher was pleased with my spoken English.老师对我的英语口语很满意。
(5)数词
Three times seven is twenty?one.3乘7等于21。
He is always the first to enter the office.他总是第一个进办公室。
(6)不定式
His job is to teach English.他的工作是教英语。
Their plan is to finish the experiment in a week.他们的计划是一周内完成这项实验。
(7)动名词
His hobby is playing football.他的爱好是踢足球。
My wish is studying law in a university.我的愿望是在大学学习法律。
(8)介词短语
The machine must be out of order.机器一定出毛病了。
He is against our plan.他反对我们的计划。
(9)副词
Time is up. The class is over.时间到了，下课。
My father isn’t in. He is out.我父亲不在家，他出去了。
(10)表语从句
The truth is that he has never been abroad.
实际情况是他从未出过国。
3．In his youth Charles Darwin enjoyed all the freedom to experiment and do whatever he liked.
在年轻时代，查理斯·达尔文可以自由地做试验及他喜欢做的任何事。
Whatever he liked 引导宾语从句，作do的宾语。
2．In area it is approximately the same size as the USA (without Alaska), which, however, has more than fourteen times as many people.
从面积上说，它大约同美国(不包括阿拉斯加)相当，而美国的人口却是澳大利亚的十四倍多。
As many people 后面省掉了 it has. 注意倍数表达法。
如A是B的X倍，可表示如下：
A be x times the size/height/length…of B
A be x times as big/high/long as B
A be x-1 times bigger/higher/longer than B
A be bigger/higher than B by x-1 times
1．It would be many years until Australia learnt to respect Aborigines and recognise the importance of a diverse society.
很多年之后澳大利亚人才开始尊重土著人，并且意识到多样性社会的重要性。
It would(will) be +段时间+until+从句是一个句型，表示“过多长时间才……”。
如：
It would be 10 years until he knew the truth
十年之后他才得知真相。
It will be 10 years until you understand
十年后你才会明白。
2．be sure of与be sure to do
be sure of(或that)主语是人，主语感到“有把握，确信”
be sure to do主语可以是人或物，表示说话人推测“一定，必然会”。
He is sure of his success.=He is sure that he will succeed.
他确信他会成功。(主语He的信念)
He is sure to succeed.他一定会成功。(说话人的意见)
It is sure to rain.天准会下雨。
1． respect, honour与regard
辨析：respect, honour与regard
(1)respect尊敬，正式用语，指对父母、年长者、正直的人、学者、法律等的尊敬或敬重。
He respects his parents.他尊敬父母。
(2)honour尊敬，非常尊敬(＝respect highly)指对君主、长辈、父母、贵人、德高之人、正直之人、天神等的敬意。
He was honoured as a man of courage.他被尊为勇者。
(3)regard尊敬，指对父母、他人的感情、法律等的尊敬。
We all regard our English teacher highly.我们都很尊敬我们的英语老师。
8．pass away去世，逝世
pass by走过；经过；忽视
pass sth. down(常用于被动语态)一代一代传下去
pass sth. on(to sb.)将某物传交给(某人)
pass through sth.经历(一段时间)
7．reward n. vt.报答；报酬；给报酬，奖赏
ask for reward不图报酬
give a reward to sb. for sth.为某事给某人报酬
offer a reward of…给酬金……
as a reward for…作为对……的酬谢
reward sb. for sth./doing sth.因……报答某人
reward sb. with/by…用……酬谢某人