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But fishing out the largest fish from a population has an unwanted effect: Over time, fewer adult fish get really big. If only the smaller fish reproduce(繁殖), then future generations become smaller. This is an example of evolution(进化) in action.
One scientist, Dr David Conover has spent the last decade studying the effects of the “keep the big ones” rule and if they can be reversed(颠倒).
To set up his experiment, Conover and his team caught hundreds of silverside fish and divided them into six groups. For two groups, Conover followed the “keep the large ones” rule and took out the biggest fish. For two other groups, he removed only the small fish.
For the last two groups, he removed fish at random (随意的).
After five years, he measured the fish in each group. In the two groups where the largest fish were regularly removed, the average fish size was smaller than the average size in the other groups. Here was evolution in action: If only small fish survive to reproduce, then future generations of fish will also tend to be small.
For the second five years of his experiment, Conover changed the rules and took fish randomly from each group. At the end of the experiment, he found that the fish that were in the “keep the large ones” group for the first five years had started to get larger again, although he calculated it would take at least 12 years for the fish in that group to return to their original size.
In other words, it takes less time to shrink(变小) than it does to recover.
小题1: The underlined word “it” (Line 2) refers to “ ”
A.the activity | B.the fish |
C.the rule | D.the fisherman |
A.It helps to protect fish numbers. |
B.It helps to protect fish size. |
C.It is the custom in most countries. |
D.They will be punished if they don’t. |
A.The “keep the big ones” rule made no difference to fish size. |
B.The “keep the big ones” rule made fish smaller on average. |
C.The “keep the big ones” rule made the fish bigger on average. |
D.The “keep the big ones” rule affected all fish populations in the same way. |
A.To encourage people to fish more carefully. |
B.To urge governments to change the rules of fishing. |
C.To describe the results of a scientific experiment. |
D.To introduce the rules of fishing to readers. |
We spent a few days in Paris last week. We visit the famous city quite regularly. After all, it only takes three hours from London to Pairs. It’s always a pleasure visiting places we really like, exploring areas we’ve never been.
The only unlucky thing this time was the weather. As soon as we got there the temperature reached almost 35 degrees C (which lasted until we left). It was so hot that Matthew just couldn’t stand it — for him, it wasn’t the most enjoyable trip. I felt sorry for him because every time we go there he has to put up with (忍受) my endless shopping spree (狂欢) …
Because of the heat, we ended up just having lots of ice-cream and drinks most of the time, although we managed to pay a few visits to the new Herme shop on rue de Vaugirard at least. It’s not as busy as the shop on rue Bonaparte so you can choose whatever you like without worrying about a queue behind you! I really enjoyed his bread this time as well as the cakes. And I must say that his Croissant aux Amandes and Bostock were simply the best I’ve ever had.
- 1.
Which of the following is TRUE according to the first paragraph?
- A.It was the first time for the writer to go to Paris.
- B.It was a long way from London to Paris.
- C.The writer lives in London.
- D.The writer only likes to go to places she has never been to.
- A.
- 2.
The underlined word “stand” in the second paragraph means ____.
- A.享受
- B.忍受
- C.站立
- D.位于
- A.
- 3.
What can you know about Matthew from the second paragraph?
- A.He doesn’t like shopping.
- B.He doesn’t like travelling.
- C.He is one of the writer’s relatives.
- D.He isn’t a good husband.
- A.
- 4.
The shops on rue Bonaparte ____.
- A.has no bread that the writer likes
- B.is often crowded with customers
- C.don’t have anything the writer likes
- D.is not very busy all the time
- A.
- 5.
What’s the best title for the passage?
- A.An unpleasant trip
- B.A great city
- C.A shopping centre
- D.A trip to Paris
- A.
Many people have a fear(害怕) of public speaking. According to a study, it has an influence on 3 in every 4 people. This fact is surprising and worrying, as most jobs require some speaking ability. The following will help you to make a speech better.
Write note cards. Write main ideas on your cards. Don’t write details. Put in some fun facts, questions, and other activities on the cards to share with the class. Don’t look at your note cards for a long time while speaking. If necessary, you’re only going to want to have a quick look at the card for information, not read every last word.
Smile at your class. When it comes time to speak, there’s nothing that draws your class into your speech than a good old-fashioned smile. Be happy, because you’re about to teach your class something they didn’t know before. Studies have shown that smiles are infections. That means once you smile, it’s hard for everyone else not to smile. So if you want your speech to go off well, smile. That’ll make everyone smile and maybe those smiles will make you actually smile.
Make eye contact. Nothing is more boring than listening to a speaker who looks at the floor or at note cards. Relax. Your class is made up of your friends and you talk to them all the time. Talk the same way now. have a look at every person in the classroom at least once. That way, everyone will feel like you’re communicating with them. Also, you’ll look like you know what you’re talking about.
Use hand motions. Move your hands along as you talk, using them to express your key points and keep the class interested. It will also lead your nervous energy into a better place.
【小题1】According to the passage, ______ of people might fear to speak in public.
A.100 percent | B.75 percent |
C.50 percent | D.25 percent |
A.smiles can be passed on | B.it’s hard to smile |
C.smiles keep people fit | D.people should smile every day |
【小题4】The passage mainly talks about ______.
A.a boy’s speech in class |
B.how to write note cards |
C.the fear of public speaking |
D.how to make a speech better |
Japan
High schools have canteens,which serve everything from noodles to rice,but not burgers and chips.Other children bring food from home such as cold rice balls,meat or fish,pickles and vegetables.
The United States
A typical menu from a US school is made up of a hamburger with fried potatoes or roast chicken,lettuce and pickles,fruit and cookies.School lunches must also provide at least one-third of the daily dietary
allowances(定量)of protein(蛋白质),vitamin A.vitamin C,iron,calcium,and calories(卡路里).
Australia
Meat pies,sausage rolls and hotdogs are all traditional dishes in Australian school shops.But as the nation pays more attention to children’s health,healthier foods have started to find their way onto school menus.
Many schools have used a traffic light system.The sale of red-labelled foods including pastries,chocolate and soft drinks,is served only twice a week.Healthier green-labelled foods such as sushi,sandwiches,corn and watermelon,however are served every day.
In some schools.students have a choice of up to 89 foods to choose from,including popcorn and rice.
South Africa
Most of South Africa’s schools do not serve meals at all.Classes end at 1:30 pm and students get their own lunches.Many students bring food from home,usually sandwiches.
Fast food and fried food sell the best among students,which has led to a rise in obesity among children.But as more people began to realize the fact that being too fat may cause different diseases,some schools in towns have led the way towards better nutrition(营养).Now students at these schools are provided with lunches of porridge with vegetables,such as cabbages,onions,beans,carrots and tomatoes.
【小题1】 Which belongs to red-labelled food in Australia?
A.sandwiches | B.beer | C.tomatoes | D.corn |
A.Allowances. | B.Sadness. | C.Nutrition. | D.Overweight. |
A.a typical menu from a US school is made up of enough nutrition |
B.most students in South Africa eat their lunches at home |
C.many schools in Australia have traffic lights outside their schools |
D.you can have whatever you like in school canteens in Japan |
A.Food served in the US is the best of a11. |
B.Schools should try to satisfy the needs of students. |
C.Schools serve different foods from country to country. |
D.School children all over the world dislike their school food. |
A.School lunch suppliers | B.Headmasters. | C.Students. | D.Nutritionists |
Japan
High schools have canteens,which serve everything from noodles to rice,but not burgers and chips.Other children bring food from home such as cold rice balls,meat or fish,pickles and vegetables.
The United States
A typical menu from a US school is made up of a hamburger with fried potatoes or roast chicken,lettuce and pickles,fruit and cookies.School lunches must also provide at least one-third of the daily dietary
allowances(定量)of protein(蛋白质),vitamin A.vitamin C,iron,calcium,and calories(卡路里).
Australia
Meat pies,sausage rolls and hotdogs are all traditional dishes in Australian school shops.But as the nation pays more attention to children’s health,healthier foods have started to find their way onto school menus.
Many schools have used a traffic light system.The sale of red-labelled foods including pastries,chocolate and soft drinks,is served only twice a week.Healthier green-labelled foods such as sushi,sandwiches,corn and watermelon,however are served every day.
In some schools.students have a choice of up to 89 foods to choose from,including popcorn and rice.
South Africa
Most of South Africa’s schools do not serve meals at all.Classes end at 1:30 pm and students get their own lunches.Many students bring food from home,usually sandwiches.
Fast food and fried food sell the best among students,which has led to a rise in obesity among children.But as more people began to realize the fact that being too fat may cause different diseases,some schools in towns have led the way towards better nutrition(营养).Now students at these schools are provided with lunches of porridge with vegetables,such as cabbages,onions,beans,carrots and tomatoes.
小题1: Which belongs to red-labelled food in Australia?
A.sandwiches | B.beer | C.tomatoes | D.corn |
A.Allowances. | B.Sadness. | C.Nutrition. | D.Overweight. |
A.a typical menu from a US school is made up of enough nutrition |
B.most students in South Africa eat their lunches at home |
C.many schools in Australia have traffic lights outside their schools |
D.you can have whatever you like in school canteens in Japan |
A.Food served in the US is the best of a11. |
B.Schools should try to satisfy the needs of students. |
C.Schools serve different foods from country to country. |
D.School children all over the world dislike their school food. |
A.School lunch suppliers | B.Headmasters. | C.Students. | D.Nutritionists |