What makes a person a scientist? Does he have ways or tools of learning that are different from those of others? The answer is “no”. It is not the tools a scientist uses but how he uses these tools that makes him a scientist. You will probably agree that knowing how to use a power is important to a carpenter. You will probably agree, too, that knowing how to investigate(调查),how to discover information, is important to everyone. The scientist, however, goes one step further, he must be sure that he has a reasonable answer to his questions and that his answer can be confirmed by other persons. He also works to fit the answers he gets to many questions into a large set of ideas about how the world works.

The scientist’s knowledge must be exact. There is no room for half right or right just half the time. He must be as nearly right as the conditions permit. What works under one set of conditions at one time must work under the same conditions at other times. If the conditions are different, any changes the scientist observes in a demonstration must be explained by the changes in the conditions. This is one reason that investigations are important in science. Albert Einstein, who developed the theory of relativity, arrived at this theory through mathematics. The accuracy of his mathematics was later tested through investigations, Einstein’s ideas were shown to be correct. A scientist uses many tools for measurements. Then the measurements are used to make mathematical calculations that may test his investigations.

1．What makes a scientist according to the passage?

A. The tools he uses.                                                      B. His ways of learning.

C. The way he uses his tools.                      D. The various tools he use

2．“The scientist, however, goes one step further,” the author says this to show________.

A. the importance of information                               

B. the importance of thinking

C. the difference between scientists and ordinary people

D. the difference between carpenters and people with other jobs.

3．A sound scientific theory should be one that________ .

A. does not only work under one set of conditions at one time, but also works under the same conditions at other times                                      

  B. leaves no room for improvement

C. does not allow any change even under different conditions  

D. can be used for many purposes

4．What is the main idea of the passage?

A. Scientists are different from ordinary people.            

 B. The theory of relativity.

C. Exactness is the core（核心）of science.

D. Exactness and way of using tools are the keys to the making of a scientist.

What makes a person a scientist? Does he have ways or tools of learning that are different from those of others? The answer is “no”. It is not the tools a scientist uses but how he uses these tools that makes him a scientist. You will probably agree that knowing how to use a power is important to a carpenter. You will probably agree, too, that knowing how to investigate(调查),how to discover information, is important to everyone. The scientist, however, goes one step further, he must be sure that he has a reasonable answer to his questions and that his answer can be confirmed by other persons. He also works to fit the answers he gets to many questions into a large set of ideas about how the world works.

The scientist’s knowledge must be exact. There is no room for half right or right just half the time. He must be as nearly right as the conditions permit. What works under one set of conditions at one time must work under the same conditions at other times. If the conditions are different, any changes the scientist observes in a demonstration must be explained by the changes in the conditions. This is one reason that investigations are important in science. Albert Einstein, who developed the theory of relativity, arrived at this theory through mathematics. The accuracy of his mathematics was later tested through investigations, Einstein’s ideas were shown to be correct. A scientist uses many tools for measurements. Then the measurements are used to make mathematical calculations that may test his investigations.

1．What makes a scientist according to the passage?

A. The tools he uses.                                         B. His ways of learning.

C. The way he uses his tools.                   D. The various tools he use

2．“The scientist, however, goes one step further,” the author says this to show________.

A. the importance of information                      

B. the importance of thinking

C. the difference between scientists and ordinary people

D. the difference between carpenters and people with other jobs.

3．A sound scientific theory should be one that________ .

A. does not only work under one set of conditions at one time, but also works under the same conditions at other times                                       

  B. leaves no room for improvement

C. does not allow any change even under different conditions  

D. can be used for many purposes

4．What is the main idea of the passage?

A. Scientists are different from ordinary people.            

 B. The theory of relativity.

C. Exactness is the core（核心）of science.

D. Exactness and way of using tools are the keys to the making of a scientist.

A new report said scientists may not be far from giving apes the ability to think and talk like humans. The report is about experiments which transplant human cells into animals for medical purposes.
It claimed that concerns about the creation of talking apes should be taken seriously. It should also draw people’s attention to the possibility that the medical research about creating “humanised” animals is going to generate monsters.
A regulatory（监管的）body is needed to closely monitor any experiments that many risk creating animals with human-like consciousness or giving them any appearance or behavioural traits that too closely resemble humans, the report said.
Scientists would, for example, be prevented from replacing a large number of an ape’s brain cells with human brain cells until more is known about the potential risks. This has already been done in simpler animals like mice, which is judged to be less risky.
Under the new UK guidelines, the power to regulate tests on animals containing human material would be transferred to a body with wider responsibility for animal testing in the Home Office.
While there is no risk from experiments currently being carried out in Britain, it is possible that ethical (道德的) boundaries could be crossed within the next few years if scientists are not careful, the experts said.
Professor Thomas Baldwin, a member of the Academy of Medical Sciences working group that produced the report, said the possibility of humanised apes should be taken seriously.
He said, “The fear is that if you start putting very large numbers of human brain cells into the brains of primates（灵长类动物）you might transform the primates into something that has some of the abilities that we regard as distinctly human, such as speech, or other ways of being able to manipulate or relate to us.”
Professor Martin Bobrow, chair of the academy working group that produced the report, said, “The very great majority of experiments present no issues beyond the general use of animals in research and these should continue to proceed under the current regulations.”
Lord Willis, chair of the Association of Medical Research Charities, said, “AMRC only supports research that is absolutely necessary and where no suitable alternative methods are available.”
【小题1】What is the passage mainly about?

A new report said scientists may not be far from giving apes the ability to think and talk like humans. The report is about experiments which transplant human cells into animals for medical purposes.

It claimed that concerns about the creation of talking apes should be taken seriously. It should also draw people’s attention to the possibility that the medical research about creating “humanised” animals is going to generate monsters.

A regulatory（监管的）body is needed to closely monitor any experiments that many risk creating animals with human-like consciousness or giving them any appearance or behavioural traits that too closely resemble humans, the report said.

Scientists would, for example, be prevented from replacing a large number of an ape’s brain cells with human brain cells until more is known about the potential risks. This has already been done in simpler animals like mice, which is judged to be less risky.

Under the new UK guidelines, the power to regulate tests on animals containing human material would be transferred to a body with wider responsibility for animal testing in the Home Office.

While there is no risk from experiments currently being carried out in Britain, it is possible that ethical (道德的) boundaries could be crossed within the next few years if scientists are not careful, the experts said.

Professor Thomas Baldwin, a member of the Academy of Medical Sciences working group that produced the report, said the possibility of humanised apes should be taken seriously.

He said, “The fear is that if you start putting very large numbers of human brain cells into the brains of primates（灵长类动物）you might transform the primates into something that has some of the abilities that we regard as distinctly human, such as speech, or other ways of being able to manipulate or relate to us.”

Professor Martin Bobrow, chair of the academy working group that produced the report, said, “The very great majority of experiments present no issues beyond the general use of animals in research and these should continue to proceed under the current regulations.”

Lord Willis, chair of the Association of Medical Research Charities, said, “AMRC only supports research that is absolutely necessary and where no suitable alternative methods are available.”

1.What is the passage mainly about?

A．Ethical rules to limit humanised animals.

B．The potential results of humanised apes.

C．The possibility of humanised animals.

D．The danger of human-like animals.

2.The underlined word “manipulate” in the passage probably means “_______”.

A．appeal            B．possess           C．control           D．associate

3.Which of the following statements might Professor Thomas Baldwin agree with?

A．It is necessary to do some experiments about humanised animals.

B．Experiments about humanised animals should be done within the law.

C．It would be dangerous to do experiments about humanised animals.

D．It is urgent to ban experiment about humanised animals.

4.It can be inferred that _______.

A．people should be careful when creating talking apes

B．Thomas Baldwin and Lord Willis are from the same organization

C．creating humanised animals is difficult in Britain now

D．scientists must be cautious not to cross ethical boundaries

Tolerance: Respect the differences in others

       You may not realize it, but you are doing much more than just studying when you are at school. School is also the place   36   you socialize and learn to get along with people. But this is   37   easy. What can you do   38   you just don’t like one of your classmates?

       If you discover that you have problems   39   your classmates or friends, the most important thing to learn is tolerance. Tolerance is the   40   to recognize and respect the   41   in others. We cannot change the way that other people act,   42   it is important to learn to live happily with them.  

       Practicing tolerance will allow everyone to form better    43    with each other. Getting to know someone   44     help you understand why they do things   45   from you. It is important to remember that just because something is different does not mean that it is bad.   46   teaches us to keep an even temper and open mind.

       One thing to   47   is the old saying, “Treat others how you want   48   ”. You would like to be treated kindly by your classmates, so it is   49   to treat them with equal kindness. If you tolerate   50   it does not mean that you have to like it. No one is asking you to   51   who you are or what you believe in. Tolerance just means that you will be   52   of the differences in others and not try to make them change. 

       It is important to   53    tolerance because it will make everyone’s lives easier.  Learn to accept people for their different abilities and interests. The world is a very   54   , and practicing tolerance in your own school and city can help make    55   .

36．A．which       B．where       C．that   D．when

37．A．very  B．often C．not always       D．really

38．A．unless       B．since C．because     D．if

39．A．getting along with          B．making apologies to

       C．getting away from   D．fleeing from

40．A．reflection  B．benefit      C．patience    D．ability

41．A．characteristics  B．thoughts   C．consequence    D．differences

42．A．so    B．and   C．but    D．although

43．A．moods      B．habits       C．relationships    D．feelings

44．A．must B．may C．should      D．can

45．A．fortunately       B．easily       C．differently       D．attentively

46．A．Patience   B．Experience       C．Tolerance        D．kindness

47．A．keep in touch   B．keep in mind   C．keep up with    D．keep to yourselves

48．A．to treat     B．being treated    C．to be treated    D．to be treating

49．A．attractive  B．important        C．desperate D．fantastic

50．A．something       B．anything   C．everything       D．nothing

51．A．change     B．remind     C．promise    D．decide

52．A．convenient       B．respectful        C．negative    D．unselfish

53．A．ignore      B．cancel      C．prevent     D．practice

54．A．diverse    B．same C．individual D．apparent

55．A．no difference   B．an effect   C．an apology       D．a difference