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【材料一】2011年10月3日，诺贝尔奖委员会宣布，美国科学家布鲁斯·巴特勒、卢森堡科学家朱尔斯·霍夫曼和加拿大科学家拉尔夫·斯坦曼获得2011年诺贝尔医学生理学奖。在长期进化过程中人体具备两种免疫机能：一是“固有免疫”，二是“获得性免疫”。布鲁斯·巴特勒、朱尔斯·霍夫曼的获奖领域在前者；而拉尔夫·斯坦曼的工作主要在后者。
布鲁斯·巴特勒、朱尔斯·霍夫曼发现了由“Toll”基因编码的关键受体蛋白，该受体蛋白能识别病原微生物，并激活“固有免疫”，打开免疫反应的第一步；拉尔夫·斯坦曼发现的树突状细胞在免疫应答中作用，树突状细胞在体内游弋，发现并摄取病原体的特异性抗原，并报告给T淋巴细胞，T细胞将调动其他免疫细胞发生级联反应，最终消灭病原体。
（1）材料中所描述的“固有免疫”就是_____________________免疫，这种免疫对所有的病原体都有防御作用。（1分）
（2）下列有关“Toll”基因的叙述正确的是：_____________（单选）（1分）
A．Toll基因只存在于免疫细胞中
B．Toll基因编码受体蛋白，体现基因对性状的直接控制
C．Toll基因编码的受体蛋白能识别病原微生物，体现了免疫细胞的特异性识别
D．效应T细胞能与靶细胞密切接触就是该受体功能体现
（3）下列有关树突状细胞的叙述正确的是：_____________________（不定项）
A．树突状细胞在免疫中发挥作用，说明神经系统与免疫系统功能密切相关
B．在细胞免疫和体液免疫中树突状细胞所起的作用没有明显差别
C．树突状细胞能够处理和呈递病原体的抗原特异性
D．树突状细胞可触发T细胞发生免疫反应
E．树突状细胞可能是一种吞噬细胞
【材料二】（根据南方周末《乔布斯的错误与诺奖得主的试验》整理）就在瑞典卡罗琳医学院宣布本年度诺贝尔医学奖的前3天，斯坦曼因胰腺癌不幸离世，他没能亲耳听到自己获奖的喜讯，令人惋惜。就在他离世死后的第6天“改变世界”的IT精英乔布斯也因胰腺癌英年早逝。
两人所患的胰腺癌都是死亡率极高的恶性肿瘤。乔布斯患的是“胰腺内分泌型肿瘤”，该病症病情发展缓慢，能存活数年的患者不在少数。但这位著名的素食主义者曾一度拒绝手术治疗，导致肿瘤细胞转移，病情迅速恶化。
而斯坦曼所患的病症为“胰腺外分泌型肿瘤”，该病患者的存活期往往只有数月。斯坦曼在2007年确诊胰腺癌后，就积极尝试基于树突状细胞的治疗性疫苗(DC疫苗)。借助这种“细胞免疫疗法”，他的生命从预期的数月延长至4年。
（4）乔布斯癌变的细胞可能是_____________细胞，该细胞的分泌物与_________________。系统消灭癌细胞的过程是_____________（填一种特异性免疫）发挥作用。
（5）斯坦曼所注射的DC疫苗是由其体内的树突状细胞和肿瘤细胞中提取的一种短肽（即治疗性疫苗），该短肽在免疫中作为_____________引起人体发生免疫反应。除树突状细胞外，斯坦曼体能够特异性识别这种短肽的细胞还有（至少写出3种）______________________________________。
（6）有人认为DC疫苗对防治癌症有一定的疗效，原因是：通过免疫反应斯坦曼体内的免疫系统产生抗体，抗体与该短肽特异性结合，使短肽失效。你认为这个解释对吗，____________，请说出你的理由：_________________________。（共2分）
（7）斯坦曼生前尝试注射过三种DC疫苗，却还是未能逃出死神的魔掌，请从免疫学的角度分析导致他死亡的可能原因是：________________________________________。 查看习题详情和答案>>
资料一：1771年英国人普利斯特利发现，将薄荷枝条和燃烧的蜡烛放在一个密封的钟罩内，蜡烛不易熄灭；将小鼠与绿色植物放在同一钟罩内，小鼠也不易窒息死亡。
资料二：1864年德国的萨克斯把一株盆栽植物放在黑暗处一昼夜，然后把其中一个叶片一半曝光，一半遮光，过一段时间后用碘蒸气处理叶片，发现遮光那一半没有发生颜色的变化，曝光的那一面则成深蓝色。
资料三：1880年德国恩吉尔曼把载有水绵和好氧细菌的临时装片放在没有氧气的黑暗环境里，然后用极细的光束照射水绵。通过显微镜观察发现好氧细菌只集中在叶绿体照光部位附近。如果上述临时装片完全暴露在光下，好氧细菌则集中在叶绿体所有受光部位周围。
（1）普利斯特利的实验都是在_____________条件下进行的，这时钟罩内的小白鼠不易窒息死亡的原因是__________________________________________________。
（2）萨克斯将一个叶片一半遮光，一半曝光的目的是________________。]
（3）由恩吉尔曼的实验可得出的结论是：光合作用的场所是______________。
（4）绿色植物的光合作用对于维持生物圈中的_____________平衡起着重要作用，因而绿色植物被称为“空气净化器”。
（5）根据科学家研究发现的光合作用原理，在农业生产中可以采取何种有效措施以提高农作物的产量？答：____________________________________。 查看习题详情和答案>>
What’s a typical（典型的）day like in Buenos Aires（布宜诺斯艾利斯）? For Diego, who lives with his parents in a house in Buenos Aires, a school day starts 41 . If his mother doesn’t wake him up at 6:00 a.m., his dog Luna will. Diego 42 himself quickly and takes Luna for a walk.
Then it’s time to get ready for school. Diego puts on his school clothes and eats a quick 43 . He slings（抛）his heavy schoolbag over his shoulder and gets onto the city bus for the 25 minutes’ 44 to school.
Diego is in the seventh year of primary school. Classes start at 8:00 a.m. with math, followed
45 history and music. At 1:00 p.m., Diego and his friends have their lunch. After lunch, Diego heads to English class. This is one of his favorites, 46 the students practise English by writing e-mails to students in 47 countries.
When the 48 class ends, Diego and his friends 49 the bus to a city park to play football. Then he’s back home to start on homework. If he finishes in time, Diego will cook dinner. His parents come home from work at about 8:00 p.m., and 50 they sit down to dinner. After dinner, Diego does some reading or watches TV before getting ready for bed!
1.A. quickly B. early C. late D. slowly
2.A. dress B. dressed C. dressing D. dresses
3.A. lunch B. breakfast C. supper D. dinner
4.A. walk B. way C. ride D. road
5.A. at B. for C. by D. about
6.A. because B. if C. since D. unless
7.A. other B. others C. another D. the others
8.A. first B. second C. third D. last
9.A. fetch B. carry C. take D. bring
10.A. only B. just C. also D. then
查看习题详情和答案>>
阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，然后从41-50各题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。
What’s a typical（典型的）day like in Buenos Aires（布宜诺斯艾利斯）? For Diego, who lives with his parents in a house in Buenos Aires, a school day starts 41 . If his mother doesn’t wake him up at 6:00 a.m., his dog Luna will. Diego 42 himself quickly and takes Luna for a walk.
Then it’s time to get ready for school. Diego puts on his school clothes and eats a quick 43 . He slings（抛）his heavy schoolbag over his shoulder and gets onto the city bus for the 25 minutes’ 44 to school.
Diego is in the seventh year of primary school. Classes start at 8:00 a.m. with math, followed
45 history and music. At 1:00 p.m., Diego and his friends have their lunch. After lunch, Diego heads to English class. This is one of his favorites, 46 the students practise English by writing e-mails to students in 47 countries.
When the 48 class ends, Diego and his friends 49 the bus to a city park to play football. Then he’s back home to start on homework. If he finishes in time, Diego will cook dinner. His parents come home from work at about 8:00 p.m., and 50 they sit down to dinner. After dinner, Diego does some reading or watches TV before getting ready for bed!
（ ）41. A. quickly B. early C. late D. slowly
（ ）42. A. dress B. dressed C. dressing D. dresses
（ ）43. A. lunch B. breakfast C. supper D. dinner
（ ）44. A. walk B. way C. ride D. road
（ ）45. A. at B. for C. by D. about
（ ）46. A. because B. if C. since D. unless
（ ）47. A. other B. others C. another D. the others
（ ）48. A. first B. second C. third D. last
（ ）49. A. fetch B. carry C. take D. bring
（ ）50. A. only B. just C. also D. then
查看习题详情和答案>>
What’s a typical（典型的）day like in Buenos Aires（布宜诺斯艾利斯）? For Diego, who lives with his parents in a house in Buenos Aires, a school day starts 1 . If his mother doesn’t wake him up at 6:00 a.m., his dog Luna will. Diego 2 himself quickly and takes Luna for a walk.
Then it’s time to get ready for school. Diego puts on his school clothes and eats a quick 3 . He slings（抛）his heavy schoolbag over his shoulder and gets onto the city bus for the 25 minutes’ 4 to school.
Diego is in the seventh year of primary school. Classes start at 8:00 a.m. with math, followed
5 history and music．At 1:00 p.m., Diego and his friends have their lunch. After lunch, Diego heads to English class. This is one of his favorites, 6 the students practise English by writing e-mails to students in 7 countries.
When the 8 class ends, Diego and his friends 9 the bus to a city park to play football. Then he’s back home to start on homework. If he finishes in time, Diego will cook dinner. His parents come home from work at about 8:00 p.m., and 10 they sit down to dinner. After dinner, Diego does some reading or watches TV before getting ready for bed!
（ ）1．A．quickly B．early C．late D．slowly
（ ）2．A．dress B．dressed C．dressing D．dresses
（ ）3．A．lunch B．breakfast C．supper D．dinner
（ ）4．A．walk B．way C．ride D．road
（ ）5．A．at B．for C．by D．about
（ ）6．A．because B．if C．since D．unless
（ ）7．A．other B．others C．another D．the others
（ ）8．A．first B．second C．third D．last
（ ）9．A．fetch B．carry C．take D．bring
（ ）10．A．only B．just C．also D．then
查看习题详情和答案>>