From the moment that an animal is born it has to make decisions . It has to decide which of the things around it are for eating , and which are to be avoided ; when to attack and when to run away . The animal is , in fact , playing a very dangerous game with its environment , a game in which it must make decision―a matter of life or death .

Animals’ ability to act reasonably is believed to come partly from what we may call “genetic (遗传性的)learning” , which is different from the individual (个体的) learning that an animal does in the course of its own lifetime . Genetic learning is learning by a species ―animals of the same kind―as a whole , and it is achieved by selection of those members of each generation that happen to act in the right way . However , the role of genetic learning depends upon how similar the future environment is to the past . The more important individual experience is likely to be , the less important is genetic learning as a means of getting over the problems of the survival game . Because most animals live in ever changing evironments from one generation to the next , it is not surprising to find that very few species indeed depend wholly upon genetic learning .

In the great majority of animals , their particular ways of acting in a new environment are a compound (复合体) of individual experience added to the action patterns animals are born with .That is why animals can survive .

72．The animal’s life will come to an end          .

       A．if the animal makes a wrong decision    B．if the animal plays a dangerous game

       C．when the animal attacks its enemy        D．when the animal runs too slowly

73．Very few species depend entirely on genetic learning because          .

       A．each generation has its own way of learning

       B．their environments change all the time

       C．they can act reasonably on their own

       D．it takes their whole life to learn

74．When the environment doesn’t change much ,         .

       A．animals cannot act in a right way

       B．genetic learning is less important for animals

       C．individual learning plays a less important role

       D．animals cannot get over problems on their on their own

75．Animals’ living on generation after generation depends on          .

       A．their natural action pattern with their own experience

       B．the lessons they have learnt during their lifetime

       C．their experience in particular environments

       D．the knowledge passed on by their parents

We know that many animals do not stay in one place. Birds, fish and other animals move from one place to another at a certain time. They move for different reasons most of them move to find food more easily, but others move to get away from places that are too crowded. When cold weather comes, many birds move to warmer places to find food. Some fishes give birth in warm water and move to cold water to feed. The most famous migration（迁移）is probably the migration of the fish, which is called “salmon”. This fish is born in fresh water but it travels many miles to salt water. There it spends its life. When it is old, it returns to its birthplace in fresh water. Then it gives birth and dies there. In northern Europe, there is a kind of mice. They leave their mountain homes when they become too crowded. They move down to the low land. Sometimes they move all the way to the seaside, and many of them are killed when they fall into the sea.

    Recently, scientists have studied the migration of a kind of lobsters（龙虾）. Every year, when the season of bad weather arrives, the lobsters get into a long line and start to walk across the floor of the ocean. Nobody knows why they do this, and nobody knows where they go. So, sometimes we know why humans and animals move from one place to another, but at other times we don’t. Maybe living things just like to travel.    

Most animals move from one place to another at a certain time to __________ .

A. give birth              B. enjoy warmer weather  

C. find food more easily     D. find beautiful places

The fish called “salmon” spends a long life in __________ .

A. salt water         B. rivers          C. fresh water       D. its birthplace

The mice in northern Europe move when __________ .

   A. they give birth                   B. the weather is bad

   C. the place gets too crowded         D. they haven’t enough food

The lobsters move __________ .

   A. to the fresh water              B. to the sea floor

   C. at a certain time               D. to find more food

What is the main idea of the passage?

   A. Animals move in order to find food more easily.

   B. The migration of the fish called “salmon” is the most famous migration.

   C. Living things move from one place to another because they like to travel.

D. Sometimes we know why and how living things move from one place to another, but sometimes we don’t.

   The Vienna-based researchers showed that dogs will stop doing a simple task when not rewarded if another dog, which continues to be rewarded, is present．

   The experiment consisted of taking pairs of dogs and getting them to present a paw for a reward．On giving this “handshake” the dogs received a piece of food．One of the dogs was then asked to shake hands, but received no food．The other dog continued to get the food when it was asked to perform the task．

   The dog without the reward quickly stopped doing the task, and showed signs of anger or stress when its partner was rewarded．

   To make sure that the experiment was really showing the interaction between the dogs rather than just the frustration of not being rewarded, a similar experiment was conducted where the dogs performed the task without the partner．Here they continued to present the paw for much longer．

   Dr Frederike Range from the University of Vienna says this shows that it was the presence of the rewarded partner that was the greater influence on their behaviour．

   “The only difference is one gets food and the other doesn’t, they are responding to being unequally rewarded．” she said．

   The researchers say this kind of behaviour, where one animal gets frustrated with what is happening with another, has only been observed in primates(灵长类) before．

   Studies with various types of monkeys and chimpanzees show they react not only to seeing their partners receiving rewards when they are not, but also to the type of reward．

   The dog study also looked at whether the type of reward made a difference．Dogs were given either bread or sausage, but seemed to react equally to either．Dr Range says this may be because they have been trained．

57．The dogs refused to give the paw when they_______．

       A．found another dog was given nothing

       B．felt they were not treated equally

       C．were aware they received less food

       D．were given too much reward

58．What would the dogs do if they presented their paw alone?

       A．They would go on with the performance much longer．

       B．They would be too shy to present their paw．

       C．They would miss their partners．

       D．They would compare what they got with that of others．

59．According to the passage, compared with dogs, monkeys and chimpanzees ______．

       A．pay no attention to the type of reward

       B．only like to play interesting games

       C．pay attention to the type of reward as well as whether they are rewarded

       D．care more about how they are rewarded

60．Which of the following can best summerise the passage?

       A．Animals’ various ways to show anger

       B．Dogs are more envious than man

       C．Most animals want to be be rewarded for their work

       D．Animals also have a sense of fairplay

We know that many animals do not stay in one place. Birds, fish and other animals move from one place to another at a certain time. They move for different reasons most of them move to find food more easily, but others move to get away from places that are too crowded. When cold weather comes, many birds move to warmer places to find food. Some fishes give birth in warm water and move to cold water to feed. The most famous migration（迁移）is probably the migration of the fish, which is called “salmon”. This fish is born in fresh water but it travels many miles to salt water. There it spends its life. When it is old, it returns to its birthplace in fresh water. Then it gives birth and dies there. In northern Europe, there is a kind of mice. They leave their mountain homes when they become too crowded. They move down to the low land. Sometimes they move all the way to the seaside, and many of them are killed when they fall into the sea.

    Recently, scientists have studied the migration of a kind of lobsters（龙虾）. Every year, when the season of bad weather arrives, the lobsters get into a long line and start to walk across the floor of the ocean. Nobody knows why they do this, and nobody knows where they go. So, sometimes we know why humans and animals move from one place to another, but at other times we don’t. Maybe living things just like to travel.    

Most animals move from one place to another at a certain time to __________ .

A. give birth              B. enjoy warmer weather  

C. find food more easily     D. find beautiful places

The fish called “salmon” spends a long life in __________ .

A. salt water         B. rivers          C. fresh water       D. its birthplace

The mice in northern Europe move when __________ .

   A. they give birth                   B. the weather is bad

  C. the place gets too crowded         D. they haven’t enough food

The lobsters move __________ .

   A. to the fresh water              B. to the sea floor

   C. at a certain time               D. to find more food

What is the main idea of the passage?

   A. Animals move in order to find food more easily.

 B. The migration of the fish called “salmon” is the most famous migration.

   C. Living things move from one place to another because they like to travel.

D. Sometimes we know why and how living things move from one place to another, but sometimes we don’t.

Many animals recognize their food because they see it. So do humans. When you see an apple or a piece of chocolate you know that these are things you can eat. You can also use other senses when you choose your food. You may like it because it smells good or because it tastes good. You may dislike some types of food because they do not look, smell or taste very nice. Different animals use different sense, to find and choose their food. A few animals depend on only one of their senses. While most animals use more than one sense.
Although there are many different types of food, some animals spend their lives eating only one type. The giant panda (大熊猫) eats only one particular type of bamboo (竹子). Other animals eat only one type of food even when given the choice. A kind of white butterfly (蝴蝶) will stay on the leaves of a cabbage, even though there are plenty of other vegetables in the garden. However, most animals have a more varied diet (多样化饮食). The bear eats fruits and fish. The fox eats small animals, birds and fruits. The diet of these animals will be different depending on the season.
Humans have a very varied diet. We often eat food because we like it and not because it is good for us. In countries such as France and Britain, people eat foods with too much sugar. This makes them overweight, which is bad for their health. Eating too much red meat and animal products, such as butter, can also be bad for the health, Choosing the right food, therefore, has become an area of study in modern life.
【小题1】We can infer from the text that humans and animals - —.