Ideas about polite behavior are different from one culture to another. Some societies, such as America and Australia, for example, are mobile and very open. People here change jobs and move houses quite often. As a result, they have a lot of relationships that often last only a short time, and they need to get to know people quickly. So it’s normal to have friendly conversations with people that they have just met, and you can talk about things that other cultures would regard as personal.

On the other hand, there are more crowded and less mobile societies where long–term relationships are more important. A Malaysian or Mexican business person, for example, will want to get to know you very well before he or she feels happy to start business. But when you do get to know each other, the relationship becomes much deeper than it would in a mobile society.

To Americans, both Europeans and Asians seem cool and formal at first. On the other hand, as a passenger from a less mobile society puts it, it’s no fun spending several hours next to a stranger who wants to tell you all about his or her life and asks you all sorts of questions that you don’t want to answer.

Cross-cultural differences aren’t just a problem for travelers, but also for the flights that carry them. All flights want to provide the best service, but ideas about good service are different from place to place. This can be seen most clearly in the way that problems are dealt with.

Some societies have “universalist” cultures. These societies strongly respect rules, and they treat every person and situation in basically the same way. “Particularist” societies, on the other hand, also have rules, but they are less important than the society’s unwritten ideas about what is right or wrong for a particular situation or a particular person. So the normal rules are changed to fit the needs of the situation or the importance of the person.

This difference can cause problems. A traveler from a particularist society, India, is checking in for a flight in Germany, a country which has a universalist culture. The Indian traveler has too much luggage, but he explains that he has been away from home for a long time and the suitcases are full of presents for his family. He expects that the check–in official will understand his problem and will change the rules for him. The check–in official explains that if he was allowed to have too much luggage, it wouldn’t be fair to the other passengers. But the traveler thinks this is unfair, because the other passengers don’t have his problem.

1.Often moving from one place to another makes people like Americans and Australians ______.

2. People like Malaysians prefer to associate with those ______.

3.Which of the following is true about “particularist societies”?

4. The writer of the passage thinks that the Indian and the German have different ideas about rules because of different ______.

第Ⅱ卷

第四部分：写作（共三节，满分55分）

第一节:单词拼写（10分）

66. He took a very ______(科学)approach to management.

67. Can you telephone me at your _______(方便)to arrange a meeting?

68. She was not very ______ (乐观) about the outcome of the talks. 

69. Industrial development is being ______( 集中) in the west of the country.

70. The leaves of certain trees are _____(有毒) to cattle.

71. I only had time to ______(瞥一眼) at the newspapers.

72. She talks _______(没完没了)about her problems.

73. He took out a pack of _________(香烟) and handed it to me.

74. The cat stayed well out of _______(范围) of the children.  

75. All flights have been________ (取消)because of bad weather. 

When Phillip was on his way to the airport one afternoon, he asked the driver to wait outside the bank while he collected some traveler’s checks.
The plane was to  21  at 5:30. From the bank there was still a 22  journey to the airport. Phillip merely (仅仅，只不过；只是)watched the  23   along the way. Shortly before arriving, he began  24 the things he would need for the 25 . Tickets, money, the address of his hotel, traveler’s checks—Just a moment. How about his passport? Phillip went through his pockets. He suddenly  26   that he must have left his passport (护照，通行证) 27 .
Whatever could he do? It was now five past four and there would be too little  28  to return to the bank. This was the  29   time he was representing（代表） his firm for an important  30  with the manager of a French firm in Paris the following morning. Without a passport he would be  31  to board the plane. At that moment, the taxi 32 outside the air . Phillip got out, took his suitcase and  33  the driver. He then  34  a good deal of confusion（混乱）in the building. A 35 could be heard over the loudspeaker.
“We very much 36 that owing to a twenty-four-hour strike （罢工）of airport staff（职员，员工）, all flights for the rest of today have had to be called off.” Passengers are  37 to get in touch with their travel agents or with this terminal for 38 on tomorrow’s flights. Phillip gave a 39 . He would let his firm know about this situation and, thank goodness, he would have the opportunity of calling at his bank the following morning to 40 his passport.

Ideas about polite behavior are different from one culture to another. Some societies, such as America and Australia, for example, are mobile and very open. People here change jobs and move houses quite often. As a result, they have a lot of relationships that often last only a short time, and they need to get to know people quickly. So it’s normal to have friendly conversations with people that they have just met, and you can talk about things that other cultures would regard as personal.
On the other hand, there are more crowded and less mobile societies where long–term relationships are more important. A Malaysian or Mexican business person, for example, will want to get to know you very well before he or she feels happy to start business. But when you do get to know each other, the relationship becomes much deeper than it would in a mobile society.
To Americans, both Europeans and Asians seem cool and formal at first. On the other hand, as a passenger from a less mobile society puts it, it’s no fun spending several hours next to a stranger who wants to tell you all about his or her life and asks you all sorts of questions that you don’t want to answer.
Cross-cultural differences aren’t just a problem for travelers, but also for the flights that carry them. All flights want to provide the best service, but ideas about good service are different from place to place. This can be seen most clearly in the way that problems are dealt with.
Some societies have “universalist” cultures. These societies strongly respect rules, and they treat every person and situation in basically the same way. “Particularist” societies, on the other hand, also have rules, but they are less important than the society’s unwritten ideas about what is right or wrong for a particular situation or a particular person. So the normal rules are changed to fit the needs of the situation or the importance of the person.
This difference can cause problems. A traveler from a particularist society, India, is checking in for a flight in Germany, a country which has a universalist culture. The Indian traveler has too much luggage, but he explains that he has been away from home for a long time and the suitcases are full of presents for his family. He expects that the check–in official will understand his problem and will change the rules for him. The check–in official explains that if he was allowed to have too much luggage, it wouldn’t be fair to the other passengers. But the traveler thinks this is unfair, because the other passengers don’t have his problem.
【小题1】Often moving from one place to another makes people like Americans and Australians ______.

All flights___ because of the snowstorm, we decided to take the train.