Cultural rules determine every aspect of food consumption. Who eats together defines social units. For example, in some societies, the nuclear family is the unit that regularly eats together. The anthropologist Mary Douglas has pointed out that, for the English, the kind of meal and the kind of food that is served relate to the kinds of social links between people who are eating together. She distinguishes between regular meals, Sunday meals when relatives may come, and cocktail parties for relatives and friends. The food served symbolizes the occasion and reflects who is present. For example, only snacks are served at a cocktail party. It would be inappropriate to serve a steak or hamburgers. The distinctions among cocktails, regular meals, and special dinners mark the social boundaries between those guests who are invited for drinks, those who are invited to dinner, and those who come to a family meal. In this example, the type of food symbolizes the category of guest and with whom it is eaten.
In some New Guinea societies, the nuclear family is not the unit that eats together. The men take their meals in a men’s house, separately from their wives and children. Women prepare and eat their food in their own houses and take the husband’s portion to the men’s house. The women eat with their children in their own houses. This pattern is also widespread among Near Eastern societies.
Eating is a metaphor that is sometimes used to signify marriage. In many New Guinea societies, like that of the Lese on the island of New Ireland in the Pacific and that of the Trobriand Islanders, marriage is symbolized by the couple’s eating together for the first time. Eating symbolizes their new status as a married couple. In U.S. society, it is just the reverse. A couple may go out to dinner on a first date.
Other cultural rules have to do with taboos against eating certain things. In some societies, members of a family group, arc not allowed to eat the animal or bird that is their ancestor. Since they believe themselves to be children of that ancestor, it would be like eating that ancestor or eating themselves.
There is also an association between food prohibitions and rank, which is found in its most extreme form in the caste (social class) system of India. A caste system consists of ranked groups, each with a different economic specialization. In India, there is an association between caste and the idea of pollution. Members of highly ranked groups can be polluted by coming into contact with the bodily secretions, particularly saliva（唾液）,of individuals of lower-ranked castes. Because of the fear of pollution, Brahmans and other high-ranked individuals will not share food with, not eat from the same plate as, not even accept food from an individual or from a low-ranking class.
【小题1】According to the passage, who will NOT eat together?

If you go to Juliano’s restaurant in San Francisco,you can’t get a cup of coffee or a hot cheese sandwich.All the food in the restaurant is raw,including the pizza and the rice.

Juliano thinks that cooked food makes us sick. “Food is alive,like you and me.When you cook food,you take away some of the vitamins,”he says,Juliano never eats food that is over 50 degrees.His restaurant doesn’t have a stove(火炉) or a microwave(微波炉).But he has lots of clever ideas for making raw food taste great.Instead of heat,Juliano uses water to prepare foood.He puts foods in water to make them soft.For example,he places beans in water for a few days and rice in water for two or four weeks.

Everything at the restaurant is cold,and the pizza and the rice taste good.So do the fruit and vegetable juices made from carrots ,apples,oranges and so on.Juliano’s restaurant doesn’t serve meat,but some people who cat raw food also eat raw meat.Juliano has three friends who ate raw meat.They all got very sick..One of them is still sick.

Juliano eats mostly fruits,vegetables,nuts,rice and beans.He says he feels very healthy. “Raw food gives you lots of energy,”he says,Juliano says he needs only six hours of sleep a night,and he never gets sick..

61.What is the main idea of the passage?

A.A man who eats only raw food.               B.A special restaurant in San Francisco.

C.Raw food is better than cooked food.          D.How to make raw food taste good.

62.How is the food in Juliano’s restaurant prepared?

A.Foods are put into water to make them soft.

B.Foods are cooled in a fridge.

C.Foods are heated on a stove to a certain degree.

D.Foods are boiled and then cooled.

63.What is NOT served in Juliano’s restaurant?

A.Carrot juice.         B.Cold pizza.          C.Raw rice.          D.Hot meat.

Food sometimes gets poisoned with harmful things. A person who eats such food can get an illness called food poisoning. Food poisoning is usually not serious, but some types are deadly, The symptoms ( 症状) of food poisoning usually begin within hours of eating the poisoned food. Fever is one of the most common symptoms.

    Certain microorganisms (微生物) cause most types of food poisoning. Bacteria and other microorganisms can poison eggs, meat, vegetables, and many other foods. After entering the body, these tiny living things release (释放) poisons that make people sick.

    Some chemicals can also cause food poisoning. They are often added to food while it is being grown, processed, or prepared. For example, many farmers spray chemicals on crops to kill weeds and insects. Some people may have a bad reaction to those chemicals when they eat the crops.

    Some plants and animals contain natural poisons that are harmful to people. These include certain kinds of seafood, grains, nuts, seeds, beans, and mushrooms.

    When people handle food properly, the risk of food poisoning is very small. Microorganisms multiply rapidly in dirty places and in warm temperatures. This means that people should never touch food with ditty hands or put food on unwashed surfaces. Food should be kept in a refrigerator to stop microorganisms from growing. Meat needs to be cooked thoroughly to kill any dangerous microorganisms. People should also wash food covered with chemicals before eating it. Finally, people should not eat wild mushrooms or other foods that grow in the wild. Some of these foods may contain natural materials that are poisonous to humans. In addition, some types of fish can be poisonous.

    Most people recover from food poisoning after a few days of resting and drinking extra water.                                                                             

If people eat natural poisons, they must go to the hospital right away to have their stomachs emptied.

Which of the following statements is NOT true?

A. Food poisoning means death        

B. When poisoned, food can make people sick 

C. Food poisoning comes in varieties   

Ｄ. Food poisoning can be serious

We know from the passage that the symptoms of food poisoning ______.

A. only contain fever                       B. are too common to be noticed

C. can be noticed within hours              D. can be ignored

Food poisoning can be caused by all the following EXCEPT __________.

A. some chemicals                   B. low temperatures 

C. some tiny living things              D. certain natural materials

From Paragraph 5, we can learn that ____________.

A. mushrooms should not be eaten

B. vegetables are safer than meat and seafood

C. natural poisons are more dangerous than chemicals

D. different types of food should be handled differently

It can be inferred from the passage that _____________.

A. natural materials are safe in food processing   

B. chemicals are needed in food processing

C. food poisoning can be kept under control     

D. food poisoning is out of control

1.Munchies Food Hall does NOT sell ____.

2.The prices at Munchies are ____.

3.Everyone who eats at Munchies well receive a ____.

4.I will find out who has won the top to Western Australia when I __.

Food sometimes gets poisoned(中毒) with harmful things. A person who eats such food can get

an illness called food poisoning. Food poisoning is usually not serious, but some types are deadly. The symptoms of food poisoning usually begin within hours of eating the poisoned food. Fever is one of

the most common symptoms.

     Certain microorganisms(微生物) cause most types of food poisoning. Bacteria and other microorganisms can poison eggs, meat, vegetables, and many other foods. After entering the body, these tiny living things release(释放) poisons that make people sick.

Some chemicals（化合物） can also cause food poisoning. They are often added to food while it is being grown, processed, or prepared. For example, many farmers spray chemicals on crops to kill weeds and insects. Some people may have a bad reaction to those chemicals when they eat the crops.

Some plants and animals contain natural poisons that are harmful to people. These include certain kinds of seafood, grains, nuts, seeds, beans, and mushrooms.

When people handle food properly, the risk of food poisoning is very small. Microorganisms multiply rapidly in dirty places and in warm temperatures. This means that people should never touch food with dirty hands or put food on unwashed surfaces. Food should be kept in a refrigerator to stop microorganisms from growing. Meat needs to be cooked thoroughly to kill any dangerous microorganisms. People should also wash food covered with chemicals before eating it. Finally, people should not eat wild mushrooms or other foods that grow in the wild. Some of these foods may contain natural materials that are poisonous to humans. In addition, some types of fish can be poisonous.

Most people recover from food poisoning after a few day of resting and drinking extra water. If people eat natural poisons, they must go to the hospital right away to have their stomachs emptied.

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