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About 92 million Americans are shy, and according to recent research about half of them inherited the
trait.
The studies were discussed at the American Psychological Convention.
One study, by Harvard University, was of babies 21- 48 months old. It concluded that these babies
had a high heart rate when shown unfamiliar people or different toys.
Although shyness is not new, it has only recently become of interest to
researchers. The first study on the genetic connection was in 1979.
According to Warren Jones of the University of Tulsa, social relations these days are more complex. "With less ritual(仪式) and more complex situations," he said, "shyness is a national concern."
Not all shy people are anxious and fearful, according to another study. Evidence shows that only half
of shy people are tense, worried, and fearful in social situations.
Many men use shyness as an excuse for failing in social situations, according to C.R. Snyder of the
University of Kansas. "This is not true of females. Perhaps,
American men are pressured to be assertive(自信的) and successful. So they would rather say they're
shy than admit they're incompetent."
Shy people may do very well socially after the first meeting with someone. In
fact, shypeople tend to be more stable.
The psychologists said shyness seems to be cultural. Japan has the highest rating. China and Israel
have the lowest rating. The United States rated in the middle.
1. The word "trait" in the first paragraph means ______
A. way
B. tradition
C. character
D. possession
2. Those babies studied were ______ when they saw unfamiliar people or different toys.
A. tense or fearful
B. calm
C. as usual
D. stable
3. Which of the following statements is Wrong?
A. Researchers began to study shyness when it was known to them.
B. According to Warren Jones, shyness had something to do with social relations
C. Some shy people are anxious and fearful, some not.
D. Shyness can perhaps make people do very well socially.
4. Why would American men rather say they're shy than admit they're incompetent? Because ______.
A. shyness is usually used as an excuse by them.
B. shyness is a good excuse.
C. females don't use shyness as an excuse.
D. they are under the pressure of social situations.
5.We can learn from this passage that ______
A. shyness is naturally inherited
B. shy people have virtues as well as shortcomings.
C. females don't use shyness as an excuse
D. which country has shy people.
of higher learning in the United States was founded in 1636. In 1638 it was named for John
Harvard, its first founder. During the 1640s the college was enlarged although it was short
of money. Meant to be an institution for the education of Puritan ministers (清教牧师),
it grew to be an institution of general education (普通教育), and new and more subjects and
policies (政策) were introduced. In the 18th century, particularly under John Leverett
(1708-24) the number of the students and campus equipment increased while the religious (宗
教的) color decreased. In its early years, the college was largely supported by the English
colony and the New England community as a whole, but support soon came in the form of gifts,
and in 1823 the state money was received for the last time. Under Charles W. Eliot, the
college became a great modern university. Its basic courses improved and enlarged, the
graduate school was set up for those who finished their four-year undergraduate study, and
the law and medical schools were reorganized. Eliot is also famous for his introduction
of the elective system at Harvard. Besides Harvard College, the university includes schools
of divinity (1816), law (1817), arts and science (1872), education (1920), engineering (1935),
reorganization of Lawrence Science School of l847, public administration (1935). Harvard also
has schools of business administration (1908), medical (1782), public health (1922), and dental
health (1941). Radckiffe college for women is connected with Harvard; its students are
taught by Harvard professors and receive diplomas given by Harvard. The university 1ibrary,
among the nation's finest, houses over 8 million volumes and the Fog Museum of Art is one
of the finest university museums in the world. Harvard is closely connected with a large
number of research institutions as well.
B. was enlarged in the middle of the 17th century
C. was first meant to be an institution for general education since its foundation
D. was founded by John Leverett
that _____.
B. he freed Harvard University from the support of the state
C. he made Harvard a Puritan university
D. he helped develop general education in Harvard University
B. He introduced the elective system at Harvard University.
C. He improved and enlarged Harvard University, making it a modern university.
D. He tried hard to reduce the religious color of Harvard University.
B. founded Lawrence Science school
C. went through a period of slow progress
D. reorganized Harvard College
passage?
B. Harvard has the world's finest library with its 8 million of books.
C. Harvard University has the nation's best art museum.
D. Radcliffe College for men is one of the schools of Harvard University.
Harvard University is onおboth sides of the Charies River. The old institution of higher learning in the United States was founded in 1636. In 1638 it was named for John Harvard, its first founder. During the 1640s the college was enlarged although it was short of money. Meant to be an institution for the education of Puritan ministers（清教牧师），it grew to be an institution of general education, and new and more subjects and policies（政策）were introduced. In the eighteenth century, particularly under John Leverett（1708～1724）, the number of the students and campus equipment increased while the religious（宗教的）color decreased. In its early years, the college was largely supported by the English colony and the New England community as a whole, but support soon came in the form of gifts, and in 1823 the state money was received for the last time. Under Charles W. Eliot, the college became a great modern university, its basic courses improved and enlarged, the graduate school was set up for those who finished their four-year undergraduate study, and the law and medical schools were reorganized. Eliot is also famous for his introduction of the elective system at Harvard. Besides Harvard College, the university includes schools of divinity（1816）, law（1817）, arts and science（1872）, education（1920）, engineering（1935）, reorganization of Lawrence Science School of 1847, public administration （1935）. Harvard also has schools of business administration（1980）; medicine（1782）, public health（1922）, and dental health（1941）. Radcliffe College for women is connected with Harvard; its students are taught by Harvard professors and receive diplomas given by Harvard. The university library, among the nation’s finest, houses over 8 million volumes, and the Fogg Museum of Art is one of the finest university museums in the world. Harvard is closely connected with a large number of research institutions as well.
1. Harvard University ________.
A. has a history of more than 450 years
B.was enlarged in the middle of the seventeenth
C.was first meant to be an institution for general education since its foundation
D.was founded by John Leverett
2. One of John Leverett’s greatest contributions to Harvard University is most probably that_________.
A. he set up Harvard University
B.heおmade Harvard a puritan university
C.he freed Harvard University from the support of the state
D.he helped develop general education in Harvard University
3. Which of the following statements might NOT be true about Charles W. Eliot?
A. Under his leadership, Harvard University became a modern university.
B.He introduced the elective system at Harvard University.
C.He improved and enlarged Harvard University, making it a modern university.
D.He tried hard to reduce the religious color of Harvard University.
4. Based on the passage, between 1816 and 1941 Harvard ________.
A.had at least 10 more schools added to it
B.founded Lawrence Science School
C.went through a period of slow progress
D.reorganized Harvard College
5. Which of the following statements is true about Harvard University according to the passage?
A. Harvard is a large and modern university with a long history.
B.Harvard has the world’s finest library with its 8 million books.
C.Harvard has the nation’s best art museum.
D.Radcliffe College for men is one of the schools of Harvard University.
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Spending as little as $5 a day on someone else could significantly boost happiness, the team at the University of British Columbia and Harvard Business School found on Thursday.
Their experiments on more than 630 Americans showed they were measurably happier when they spent money on others—even if they thought spending the money on themselves would make them happier.
“We wanted to test our theory that how people spend their money is at least as important as how much money they earn,” said Elizabeth Dunn, a psychologist at the University of British Columbia. They asked their 600 volunteers first to rate their general happiness, report their annual (yearly) income and detail their monthly spending including bills, gifts for themselves, girls for others and donations to charity.
“Regardless of how much income each person made, those who spent money on others reported greater happiness, while those who spent more on themselves did not,” Dunn said in a statement.
Dunn’s team also surveyed 16 employees at a company in Boston before and after they received an ann
ual profit-sharing bonus of between $3,000 and $8,000. “Employees who devoted more of their bonus to pro-social spending experienced greater happiness after receiving the bonus and the manner 
in which they spent that bonus was a more important predictor of their happiness than the size of the bonus itself” they wrote in their report, published in the journal Science.
They gave their volunteers $5 or $20 and half got clear instructions on how to spend it. Those who spent the money on someone or something else reported feeling happier about it.
“These findings suggest that very minor alterations (changes) in spending allocations (shares)—as little as $5—may be enough to produce real gains in happiness on a given day，”Dunn said.
60. What is the general idea of the passage?
A. The more you earn, the greater happiness you will get.
B. Spending more money on yourself will make you happier.
C. Money can buy happiness, but only if you spend it on someone else.
D. You can spend only 5$ a day to get happiness.
61. The underlined word “boost” in the first paragraph probably means_______.
A. h
elp to find B. help to bring C. help to increase D. help
to get
62. Which of the following statements is NOT true according to the passage?
A. Those who spend more money on others can 
get much more bonus.
B. People usually think spending money on themselves will make them happier.
C. Very small changes in spending your money may be enough to gain happiness.
D. Researchers think that how people spend their money is at least as important as how much money they earn.
63. It can be inferred from the 6th paragraph that ______.
A. the volunteers not given 5$ or 20$ spent their own money on themselves.
B. those who spent the money on someone or something else felt happier about it.
C. the volunteers were given 5$ or 20$ as a reward for the experiment.
D. half of the volunteers could spend the money as they liked.
Spending as little as $5 a day on someone else could significantly boost happiness, the team at the University of British Columbia and Harvard Business School found on Thursday.
Their experiments on more than 630 Americans showed they were measurably happier when they spent money on others—even if they thought spending the money on themselves would make them happier.
“We wanted to test our theory that how people spend their money is at least as important as how much money they earn,” said Elizabeth Dunn, a psychologist at the University of British Columbia. They asked their 600 volunteers first to rate their general happiness, report their annual (yearly) income and detail their monthly spending including bills, gifts for themselves, girls for others and donations to charity.
“Regardless of how much income each person made, those who spent money on others reported greater happiness, while those who spent more on themselves did not,” Dunn said in a statement.
Dunn’s team also surveyed 16 employees at a company in Boston before and after they received an annual profit-sharing bonus of between $3,000 and $8,000. “Employees who devoted more of their bonus to pro-social spending experienced greater happiness after receiving the bonus and the manner in which they spent that bonus was a more important predictor of their happiness than the size of the bonus itself” they wrote in their report, published in the journal Science.
They gave their volunteers $5 or $20 and half got clear instructions on how to spend it. Those who spent the money on someone or something else reported feeling happier about it.
“These findings suggest that very minor alterations (changes) in spending allocations (shares)—as little as $5—may be enough to produce real gains in happiness on a given day，”Dunn said.
1. What is the general idea of the passage?
A. The more you earn, the greater happiness you will get.
B. Spending more money on yourself will make you happier.
C. Money can buy happiness, but only if you spend it on someone else.
D. You can spend only 5$ a day to get happiness.
2.The underlined word “boost” in the first paragraph probably means_______.
A. help to find B. help to bring C. help to increase D. help to get
3.Which of the following statements is NOT true according to the passage?
A. Those who spend more money on others can get much more bonus.
B. People usually think spending money on themselves will make them happier.
C. Very small changes in spending your money may be enough to gain happiness.
D. Researchers think that how people spend their money is at least as important as how much money they earn.
4.It can be inferred from the 6th paragraph that ______.
A. the volunteers not given 5$ or 20$ spent their own money on themselves.
B. those who spent the money on someone or something else felt happier about it.
C. the volunteers were given 5$ or 20$ as a reward for the experiment.
D. half of the volunteers could spend the money as they liked.
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