Read the passage carefully. Then answer the questions or complete the statements in the fewest possible words.

A new study suggests that the round-the-clock availability that cell phone have brought to people’s lives may be taking a toll on family life, a new study suggests. The study, which followed more than 1,300 adults over 2 years, found that those who consistently used a mobile phone throughout the study period were more likely to report negative “spillover’’ between work and home life — and, in turn, less satisfaction with their family life.

    Spillover essentially means that the line between work and home begins to become unclear. Work life may invade home life when a parent is taking job-related calls at home, for instance, or family issues may start to take up work time. For example, a child may call mom at work, telling her “microwave exploded”, explained Noelle Chesley, an assistant professor of sociology at the University of Wisconsin—Milwaukee and the author of the study. The problem with cell phones seems to be that they are allowing for ever more spillover between work and home. 

    This may be especially true for working women, the study found. Among men, consistent use of mobile phones seemed to allow more work issues to creep (潜入) into family time. But for women, the spillover tended to go in both directions. Being “connected” meant that work cut into home time，and family issues came into work life.

    Cell phones seem to be opening more lines for stressful exchanges among family members. But there may be ways to control the spillover, according to Chesley. Employers,  she said, could look at their policies on contacting employees after working hours to make sure their expectations are “reasonable”. For their part, employees could decide that cell phones go off during family time, Chesley said.

(Note: Write NO MORE THAN TEN WORDS for each question or statement.)

81.   By saying “may be taking a toll on family life”, the writer probably means that cell phone ____________.

82.   As a result of negative “spillover”, people will feel ______________.

83.   The writer gave the example of “microwave exploded” to indicate that ______________.

84. According to Chesley, what could employees do to avoid spillover when they are not at work?

Dyslexia is a term used to describe a marked difficulty in learning to read despite normal intelligence and vision. The problem is universal, but research suggests it doesn’t affect every culture or language group equally. On China’s mainland and in Japan, for example, dyslexia rates are estimated at less than 5 percent compared to 10 percent to 20 percent in the U.S. There are intriguing theories as to why, and Japan has produced some important clues.

Japanese children first learn to read and write in parallel phonetic alphabets, hiragana(平假名) and katakana(片假名), each containing 46 characters relating to 46 different sounds. After conquering them, the student starts to learning Chinese characters. According to Uno, who works for Japan’s National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, just 1 percent of Japanese students have dyslexic problems with Chinese characters. The numbers jump a bit when it comes to writing --- 2 percent for hiragana, 3.8 percent for katakana and 5 percent for ideograms --- but they’re still low by American standards.

41. The passage is about ______.

A. dyslexia and intelligence                  B. dyslexia and culture

C. dyslexia and vision                         D. dyslexia and personality

42. Which of the following statements is true of dyslexia?

A. It is a worldwide problem.              B. It is a regional problem.

C. It is a social problem.                    D. It is a biological problem.

43. Which of the following countries is most affected with dyslexia according to the passage?

A. China               B. Japan               C. U.S.A.              D. U.K.

44. Which of the following is not true of the Japanese language?

A. It is divided into two types of phonetic alphabets.

B. It contains more katakana than hiragana.

C. Hiragana and katakana have the same number of sounds and characters.

D. It includes Chinese characters.

45. What can be inferred from the passage?

A. There is no obvious reason for the unbalanced distribution of dyslexia in the world.

B. The existing theories about dyslexia are solid and conclusive.

C. There are underlying reasons for the differences with dyslexia problems with different peoples.

D. The relatively lower number of its people suffering from dyslexia in Japan may be attributed to its reading and writing system.

The food we eat seems to have profound effects on our health. Although science has made big steps in making food more fit to eat, it has, at the same time, made many foods unfit to eat. Some research has shown that 80 percent of all human illness are connected with diet and 40 percent of cancer is connected with the diet as well that food is connected with illness is not a new discovery. In 1940’s scientists realized that nitrates（硝酸盐）, which are often used to keep color of meat, and other additives（添加剂）caused cancer. However these additives remain in our food and it becomes more difficult to know which additives are helpful or harmful. Farmers sometimes give drugs to animals not because the animals are ill but because they want to sell the animals at higher prices. For example farmers try hard to make animals grow big so that they can sell the big animals for more money. Although the Food and Drug Administration has tried again and again to control farmers to do so, farmers go on doing this.

1. According to the passage, what has science done to mankind?

　 A. Because of science there is no polluted food any more.

　 B. Science makes food have less value.

　 C. As a result of scientific invention, some things that may be harmful have been added to our food.

　 D. Now the scientists can keep the color of meat but not that of vegetable.

2. What are nitrates used for?

　 A. They keep flavor of food.

　 B. They keep the color of meat.

　 C. They keep food fresh.

　 D. They make animals fatter.

3. According to the passage, which of the following statements is true?

　 A. Some additives besides nitrates can cause cancer.

　 B. All additives cause illness.

　 C. All additives can cause cancer.

　 D. Nitrates except other additives can cause cancer.

4. The word “profound” underlined means 　　　　　 .

　 A. good　　　　 B. bad　　　　 C. much　　　　 D. great

5. Which of the following statements is NOT true?

　 A. Drugs are always given to animals for medical reasons.

　 B. Some additives in our food are added not only to the food but also to the animal.

　 C. Scientists knew that some additives are harmful to people over fifty years ago.

　 D. Food may cause 40 percent of cancer in the world.

　　To us it seems so natural to put up an umbrella to keep the water off when it rains. But actually the umbrella was not invented as protection against the rain. Its first use was as a shade（遮光物）against the sun!

　　Nobody knows who first invented it, but the umbrella was used in very ancient times. Probably the first to use it were the Chinese in the eleventh century B. C..

　　We know that the umbrella was used in ancient Egypt and Babylon as a sunshade. And there was a strange thing connected with its use: it became a symbol（象征）of honor. In the Far East in ancient times, the umbrella was allowed to be used only by those in high office.

　　In Europe, the Greeks were the first to use the umbrella as a sunshade. And the umbrella was in common use in ancient Greece. But it is believed that the first people in Europe to use the umbrella as protection against the rain were the ancient Romans.

　　During the Middle Ages, the use of the umbrella practically disappeared. Then it appeared again in Italy in the late sixteenth century. And again it was considered as a symbol of power. By 1680, the umbrella appeared in France, and later on in England.

　　By the eighteenth century, the umbrella was used against rain throughout most of Europe. Umbrellas have not changed much in style during all this time, though they have become much lighter in weight. It wasn't until the twentieth century that women's umbrellas began to be made in a whole variety（多样）of colours.

(1) According to this passage, the umbrella was probably first invented in ancient ________.

[　　]

(2) Which of the following statements is NOT true about the umbrella?

[　　]

A．No one exactly knows who was the inventor of the umbrella.

B．The umbrella was first invented to be used as protection against the sun.

C．The umbrella changed much in style in the 18th century.

D．In Europe, the Greeks were the first to use the umbrella as a sunshade.

(3) A strange feature（特征）of the umbrella's use is that it was used as ________.

[　　]

(4) In Europe, the umbrella was first used against the rain ________.

[　　]

(5) This passage talks mainly about ________.

[　　]

A．when and how the umbrella was invented

B．why the umbrella was so popular in Europe

C．the development of the umbrella

D．the history and use of the umbrella