For some time past it has been widely accepted that babies----and other creatures----learn to do things because certain acts lead to “rewards”; and there is no reason to doubt that this is true. But it used also to be widely believed that effective rewards, at least in the early stages, had to be directly related to such basic physiological (生理的) “drive” as thirst or hunger. In other words, a baby would learn if he got food or drink or some sort of physical comfort, not otherwise.
It is now clear that this is not so. Babies will learn to behave in ways that produce results in the world with no reward except the successful outcome.
Paousek began his studies by using milk in the normal way to “reward” the babies and so teach them to carry out some simple movements, such as turning the head to one side or the other. Then he noticed that a baby who had enough to drink would refuse the milk but would still go on making the learned response with clear signs of pleasure. So he began to study the children’s response in situation where no milk was provided. He quickly found that children as young as four months would learn to turn their heads to right or left if the movement “switched on a display of lights---- and indeed that they were able to learn quite complicated turns to bring about this result, for instance, two left or two right, or even to make as many as three turns to one side.
Papousek’s light display was placed directly in front of the babies and he made the interesting observation that sometimes they would turn back to watch the lights closely although they would “smile and bubble” when the display came on. Papousek concluded that it was not primarily the sight of lights which pleased them, it was the success that they were achieving in solving the problem, in mastering the skill, and that there exists a primary human urge to make sense of the world and bring it under intentional control.
72.According to the author, babies learn to do things which ____.
A. are directly related to pleasure          B. will meet their physical needs
C. will bring them a feeling of success          D. will satisfy their curiosity
73.Papousek noticed in the studies that a baby ____.
A. would make learned response when it saw the milk
B. would carry out learned movements when it had enough to drink
C. would continue the simple movements without being given milk
D. would turn its head to right or life when it had enough to drink
74.In Papousek’s experiment babies make learned movements of the head in order to ____.
A. have the lights turned on              B. be rewarded with milk
C. please their parents                   D. be praised
75.According to Papousek, the pleasure babies get in achieving is a reflection of ____.
A. a basic human desire to understand and control the world
B. the satisfaction of certain physiological needs
C. their strong desire to solve complex problem
D. an important human urge to display their learned skills

Liu Qian, a magician from Taiwan, cast his spell(魔法)over an audience of thousands on the CCTV Spring Festival Show. Die-hard fans are still trying to work out the secrets behind many of the tricks he performed.

But Liu, 32, when asked, laughed off the idea that there might be an “answer” to his magic. “The most fascinating things about magic is the puzzling process. People enjoy how magicians make the impossible come true,” said Liu.

Few people today believe in the possibility of real magic. They also often fail to consider magicians’ devotion to their art. It can take a magician years’ of practice to perfect a trick before he performs it on stage.

Part of Liu’s star appeal is his astonishing skill. However, when he began in the industry, he was embarrassingly clumsy. “I could practice thousands of times for one single act. It wasn’t much fun,” he said.

No magician’s supernatural powers on stage extend to their life off stage. Liu says his life was no easier or funnier because he was a magician.

He developed an interest in magic at a young age, but didn’t consider making a living out of it until he graduated from university. He had studied Japanese language and found himself unable to find a job. “My parents never considered being a magician as a proper job. To begin with, I had little confidence I would be doing this in the long term,” he said.

Yet Liu felt a powerful calling to become a magician. “For many people, magic somehow means a miracle, which is something we all secretly wish for no matter how hard-bitten or cynical (愤世嫉俗的)we become,” he said.

Liu may be right. A popular modern dream is of the fairy godmother, who waves her magic wand (棒) and makes our dreams come true. But according to Liu, we all have the power to create magic in our lives. As Liu puts it: it’s not the magic that makes it work；it’s the way we work that makes it magic.

1. According to the passage, we can tell that ________.

A. being a famous magician, Liu Qian leads a comfortable life

B. it is a hard job for magicians to perform magic tricks well

C. Liu Qian’s parents supported his wish of earning a living by being a magician

D. Liu Qian showed great talents in performing magic tricks when he first took it up

2. As to whether there’s real magic, Liu Qian believes ________.

A. there is no real magic and what counts in our life is the way we work

B. if we secretly wish for something, magic will turn out to be a miracle

C. the puzzling process of performing magic tricks is the answer to magic

D. there exists a fairy godmother waving her magic wand to make our dreams come true

3. Which of the following sayings is similar to the underlined sentence in meaning?

A. All roads lead to Rome.                B. Easier said than done.

C. Actions speak louder than words.       D. Where there is a will, there is a way.

4. What is the best title for the passage?

A. Magic in our lives                     B. The answer to magic

C. A popular magician from Taiwan         D. The way to become a successful magician

Today about 70 countries use Daylight Saving Time (DST). Daylight Saving was first introduced during World War I in Australia. During the world wars, DST was used for the late summers beginning January 1917 and 1942, and the full summers beginning September 1942 and 1943.

In 1967, Tasmania experienced a drought（干旱）. The State Government introduced one hour of daylight saving that summer as a way of saving power and water. Tasmanians liked the idea of daylight saving and the Tasmanian Government has declared daylight saving each summer since 1968. Persuaded by the Tasmanian Government, all states except two passed a law in 1971, for a test use of daylight saving. In 1972, New South Wales, South Australia and Victoria joined Tasmania for regular daylight saving, but Queensland did not do so until 1989.

Tasmania, Queensland and South Australia have had irregular plans, often changing their dates due to politics or festivals（节日）. For example, in 1992, Tasmania extended（延长）daylight saving by an extra month while South Australia began extending daylight saving by two weeks for the Adelaide Festival. Special daylight saving plans were made during the Sydney 2000 Olympic Games.

The differences in daylight saving in Australia continue to cause serious problems in transport and many other social activities. It also reduces the number of hours in the working day that are common to all centers in the country. In particular, time differences along the east coast cause major differences, especially for the broadcasters of national radio and television.

57. Daylight Saving Time was introduced in Tasmania _______________.

A. to stop the drought in 1967       B. to support government official

C. to pass a special law in the state   D. to save water and electricity

58. According to the text, which state was the last to use DST?

A. Victoria.       B. Queensland.        C. South Australia.        D. New South Wales.

59. What can we learn about DST in some Australian states?

A. It doesn’t have fixed dates.           B. It is not used in festivals.

C. Its plan was changed in 2000.         D. It lasts for two weeks.

60. What do we know about the use of DST from the last paragraph?

A. There exists some undesirable effects.      B. It helps little to save energy.

C. It brings about longer working days.  D. Radio and TV programs become different.

Coolest Hotels in the World

Ariau Amazon Towers

    The Ariau Amazon Towers hotel lets you sleep in a tree house.Eight towers make up this hotel that offers over 300 rooms.If you really want to get into the spirit，book the Tarzan Suite which is large enough for a big family.You'll be thirty feet up in the air and can travel between the towers through their wooden walkways.

    Prices：starting at $300 one night for each person for a regular room and going all the way up to $3,000 for the Tarzan Suite.

    For more information， visit the website：http：//www.ariautowers.com

 The Ice Hotel

    Every winter in Jukkasjarvi，Sweden，a special kind of hotel called the Ice Hotel is built.Each year，world­famous artists are invited to design and produce works of art from the ice，many of which can be found in the rooms.You'll have your choice between hot or cold rooms，but you will be well advised to stay at least one night in a cold room for a true experience.

   Prices：starting at $318 one night for each person for either a cold room or a warm one.

    For more information，visit the website：http：//www.icehotel.com

 Propeller Island

    Propeller Island City Lodge is a very special hotel that was designed by a German artist.Each room provides you with the possibility of living in a work of art.Every single piece of furniture in the thirty rooms of the hotel has been hand­made and each room is completely different.You'll be able to choose a room based on your own personal tastes.

    Prices：starting at just $91 a night，and an additional(另外)person for only 20 extra dollars.

    For more information，visit the website：http：//www.propeller­island.com

For information about other cool hotels in the world，visit the website：http：//www.bahamabeachclub.com

63．What is special about the Ariau Amazon Towers hotel?

A．You can sleep in tree houses.   

B．You can choose any of the towers.

C．It is designed for big families.

D．Every room has a walkway.

64．For two persons spending a night in one of these hotels，they have to pay at least ________.

A．$111           B．$182    

C．$600      D．$636

65．Which website should you visit if you want to find out whether there exists a hotel under the sea?

A．http：//www.icehotel.com       

B．http：//www.ariautowers.com

C．http：//www.propeller­island.com

D．http：//www.bahamabeachclub.com

66．Which hotel would invite artists to come to work every year?

A．Propeller Island City Lodge.

B．Ariau Amazon Towers.

C．The Ice Hotel.

D．Bahama Beach Club.

BEIJING, Jan. 11(Xinhuanet)-- Sleeping a little bit longer a day might help fight against obesity（肥胖）, a recent study shows. The research-- published in the Archives of Internal Medicine along with an editorial by Turek and Northwestern colleague Joseph Bass commenting on it and related research-- after comparing people of normal weight- a body mass index of less than 25- with those who were overweight or obese , found that sleeping for an extra 20 minutes each night could offer a pain-free way to lose weight.

Insufficient sleep is linked with changes in hormone levels that may stimulate（刺激）appetite. A series of studies in recent months have shown that the less people sleep, the heavier they tend to be.

American researcher Robert Vorona from Eastern Virginia Medical School in Norfolk and colleagues have now examined the relationship between people's self-reported sleep time per 24 hours and their body mass index(BMI). They found that total sleep time and BMI were inversely correlated was total sleep time decreased, BMI increased, except in the severely obese group." Americans experience insufficient sleep and corpulent bodies. Clinicians are aware of the burden of obesity on patients," the study said. "Our findings suggest that major extensions of sleep time may not be necessary, as an extra 20 minutes of sleep per night seems to be associated with a lower body mass index," it added. "We warn that this study does not establish a cause-and-effect relationship between restricted sleep and obesity (but) investigations demonstrating success in weight loss via extensions of sleep would help greatly to establish such a relationship."

In November 2004, researchers from Columbia University in New York City, New York demonstrated a clear link between the risk of being obese and hours of nightly sleep, finding that people aged 32 to 59 who slept four hours or less per night were 73% more likely to be obese than people who slept between seven and nine hours per night.

The research, which was published in the Archives of Internal Medicine, found that____________.

sleeping for a shorter time a day might help fight agianst obesity

an extra 20 minutes’ sleep each night could offer a way to lose weight wothout pain

total sleep time and body mass index were inversely related

people aged 32 to 59 who slept four hours or less per night were 73% more likely to be obese than people who slept between seven and nine hours per night

How many research results are presented in the text?

A. Two                   B. Three             C. Four              D. Five

What does the underlined word “obses” probably mean?

A.thin                    B. fat                C. energetic          D. painful

According to the text , the author intends to tell us that _____________________.

A. Sleeping a little bit longer a day might help fight against obesity

B. insufficient sleep is linked with changes in hormone lives

C. there exists a clear link between the risk of being obeses and hours of nightly sleep

D. the less people sleep , the heavier they tend to be