Let’s do some sleep math．You lost two hours of sleep every night last week because of a big project due on Friday．On Saturday and Sunday，you slept in，getting four extra hours．On Monday morningi, you were feeling so bright-eyed that you only had one cup of coffee,instead of your usual two．But don’t be cheated by your energy．You’re still carrying around a heavy load of sleepiness, or what experts call“sleep debt”——in this case something like six hours，almost a full nights’ sleep．

Sleep debt is the difference between the amount of sleep you should be getting and the amount you actually get．It’s a deficit(缺乏)that grows every time we skim some extra minutes off our nightly sleep．“People accumulate sleep debt gradually without being noticed，”says William C．Dement，founder of the Stanford University Sleep Clinic．Studies show that such short—term sleep deprivation leads to a foggy brain，worsened vision，and trouble remembering. Long-term effects include obesity，insulin(胰岛素)resistance, and heart disease.A survey by the National Sleep Foundation reports that we’re losing one hour of sleep each night一一more than two full weeks of sleep every year.

The good news is that，like all debt, with some work，sleep debt can be repaid. Adding an extra hour or two of sleep a night is the way to catch up．For the long—term lack of sleep，take it easy for a few months to get back into a natural sleep pattern．

Go to bed when you are tired，and allow your body to wake you in the morning(no alarm clock allowed)．You may find yourself catatonic(有紧张症的)in the beginning of the recovery cycle：expect to have ten hours shut-eye per night. As the days pass, however，the amount of sleeping time will gradually decrease.

So earn back that lost sleep——and follow the dictates of your innate(固有的)sleep needs. You’ll feel better．“When you put away sleep debt,you become a superman，”says Stanford’s Dement,talking about the improved mental and physical capabilities that come with being well rested．

51．If you have short—term sleep deprivation, ____________.

A．you can think and remember things clearly

B．you can still see everything very clearly

C．you can drive your car easily

D．you may have a poor sight

52．The example of sleep math is used to show____________

A．in what case you build up a sleep debt

B．why you need six hours’ sleep every night

C．why you are full of energy even when you don’t haye enoug sleep

D．you should drink coffee to keep energetic when you don’t have enough sleep

53．The author begins Paragraph 3 with ____________.

A．an order          B．a story             C．a definition            D．an example

54．By saying the undedined sentence in the last paragraph，Dement means ____________

A．a superman always needs a lot of sleep

B．you will be in a good state with enough sleep

C．you can become superman after you repay your debt

D．You will become superman if you don’t make up for sleep debt

55．What might be the most suitable title for the passage?

A．Can you catch up on lost sleep?             B．How can you keep energetic?

C．Can you have a good sleep?                  D．What is sleep debt?

Let’s do some sleep math．You lost two hours of sleep every night last week because of a big project due on Friday．On Saturday and Sunday，you slept in，getting four extra hours．On Monday morningi, you were feeling so bright-eyed that you only had one cup of coffee,instead of your usual two．But don’t be cheated by your energy．You’re still carrying around a heavy load of sleepiness, or what experts call“sleep debt”——in this case something like six hours，almost a full nights’ sleep．

Sleep debt is the difference between the amount of sleep you should be getting and the amount you actually get．It’s a deficit(缺乏)that grows every time we skim some extra minutes off our nightly sleep．“People accumulate sleep debt gradually without being noticed，”says William C．Dement，founder of the Stanford University Sleep Clinic．Studies show that such short—term sleep deprivation leads to a foggy brain，worsened vision，and trouble remembering. Long-term effects include obesity，insulin(胰岛素)resistance, and heart disease.A survey by the National Sleep Foundation reports that we’re losing one hour of sleep each night一一more than two full weeks of sleep every year.

The good news is that，like all debt, with some work，sleep debt can be repaid. Adding an extra hour or two of sleep a night is the way to catch up．For the long—term lack of sleep，take it easy for a few months to get back into a natural sleep pattern．

Go to bed when you are tired，and allow your body to wake you in the morning(no alarm clock allowed)．You may find yourself catatonic(有紧张症的)in the beginning of the recovery cycle：expect to have ten hours shut-eye per night. As the days pass, however，the amount of sleeping time will gradually decrease.

So earn back that lost sleep——and follow the dictates of your innate(固有的)sleep needs. You’ll feel better．“When you put away sleep debt,you become a superman，”says Stanford’s Dement,talking about the improved mental and physical capabilities that come with being well rested．

51．If you have short—term sleep deprivation, ____________.

A．you can think and remember things clearly

B．you can still see everything very clearly

C．you can drive your car easily

D．you may have a poor sight

52．The example of sleep math is used to show____________

A．in what case you build up a sleep debt

B．why you need six hours’ sleep every night

C．why you are full of energy even when you don’t haye enoug sleep

D．you should drink coffee to keep energetic when you don’t have enough sleep

53．The author begins Paragraph 3 with ____________.

A．an order          B．a story             C．a definition            D．an example

54．By saying the undedined sentence in the last paragraph，Dement means ____________

A．a superman always needs a lot of sleep

B．you will be in a good state with enough sleep

C．you can become superman after you repay your debt

D．You will become superman if you don’t make up for sleep debt

55．What might be the most suitable title for the passage?

A．Can you catch up on lost sleep?             B．How can you keep energetic?

C．Can you have a good sleep?                  D．What is sleep debt?

Bill White’s father is a lawyer. In his 36 time, he likes to get out in the country and take some 37 of animals.

   For a long time, Bill had wanted to go with his father on one of his 38. But his father didn’t take Bill along with him 39 he was fifteen.

   He and Bill drove to the farm which 40 to his uncle in the afternoon. They 41 the night there, so that they could 42 out early the next morning. Uncle Steve and his son Larry, who was sixteen, were going to go out with them.

   It was still dark when Bill heard the alarm 43 the next morning. He wondered why it was running so early. He couldn’t remember 44 he was. He turned over 45 and looked at the clock. It was 5 o’clock. Then he 46 that he was at the 47 and that he was going out to take pictures with his father. He jumped out of bed and got 48 quickly.

   He ran downstairs. The others were already in the 49. Uncle Steve was cooking bacon and eggs. There was a pot of coffee on the stove. It 50 good.

   They ate breakfast quickly. They didn’t talk 51, because they didn’t want to 52 up the other people in the house. They filled a thermos bottle 53 hot coffee and took some sandwiches 54 Aunt Grace, Uncle Steve’s wife, had made for them. They gathered their camera 55 and started out.

A. busy          B. spare            C. enough       D. limited

A. foods          B. drawings         C. paintings      D. pictures

A. trips          B. buses            C. holidays        D. mountains

A. after         B. when            C. until            D. unless

A. led           B. stuck            C. got             D. belonged

A. cost          B. spent            C. slept           D. took

A. start       B. begin            C. walk           D. step

A. telephone   B. machine          C. bell            D. clock

A. where         B. how            C. who            D. what

A. quickly        B. sleepily          C. quietly         D. suddenly

A. imagined      B. pronounced     C. forgot           D. remembered

A. mountain      B. town            C. farm         D. station

A. dressed        B. ordered          C. eaten         D. prepared

A. bathroom     B. kitchen           C. dining-room    D. sitting-room

A. seemed       B. felt            C. tasted          D. smelled

A. many         B. soundly          C. much                D. highly

A. wake         B. go              C. put                  D. come

A. of            B. with            C. in                   D. by

A. that           B. what            C. after          D. before

A. cover          B. supply          C. operator              D. equipment

Last year, Jack Bleed cut through the bone of his ring finger while working. The 31-year-old resident of North Little Rock, Arkansas, waited for about six hours at a nearby medical center while the medical staff there called all over town — even as far away as Dallas and Memphis — to find a hand surgeon to reattach his finger. Finally, a willing doctor was located in Louisville, Kentucky. But even though Bleed had insurance(保险), he would have to hire a private plane to get himself there, at a cost of $4,300. In the end, he charged the cost to two credit cards, and his finger was saved. His insurance company eventually covered the cost of the plane, but his experience makes people aware of the fact that trauma(外伤) care in the United States is not only geographically limited, but in many places, non-existent.

Only eight states — New York, New Jersey, Maryland, Illinois, New Mexico, California, Oregon, and Washington — have local, fully functional trauma systems. The remaining states have partial systems, and 12 — including Arkansas — have no trauma system at all.

Although the President has signed a bill of $12 million for the purpose of supporting trauma care systems nationwide, many in Congress(国会) are unwilling to spend government money for a service they think should be paid for by states, says Wayne Meredith, medical director for trauma programs at the American College of Surgeons. Meanwhile, many states have also failed to find the dollars to support trauma systems. To make matters worse, many people without insurance depend heavily on the emergency care services, placing a huge financial burden on the medical centers that serve them.

For the same reason, doctors, too, often go unpaid. They are unwilling to perform emergency care, worsening critical shortages of neurosurgeons, orthopedists, and hand surgeons — the very types of specialists Bleed needed at short notice.

Supporting a trauma care system doesn’t take much. A half-penny sales tax in Miami-Dade County makes its outstanding system work. In Arkansas alone, says Wayne Meredith, a well-funded trauma system would possibly prevent 200 to 600 deaths each year. If trauma care systems were to work well across the nation, experts say, many thousands of lives each year could be saved. “You don’t get much better return on your investment than that,” Meredith says.

In Paragraph 1, the writer uses Bleed’s case to ______.

A. make a comparison                               B. describe a person

C. introduce a topic                                          D. tell a story

Many people in Congress argue that trauma care systems should be supported by ______.

A. the President                                       B. each state

C. insurance companies                              D. the US government

The example of Miami-Dade County shows that ______.

A. its tax policy is admirable                      B. running a trauma system is profitable

C. a trauma system is not expensive            D. sales tax is not heavy in small counties

Why are the present trauma care systems in some states not satisfactory?

A. They are shared by all the states.                    B. They are short of financial support.

C. The doctors are not well trained.                    D. The hospitals can’t provide low-cost services.

Is early childhood education really necessary? Early childhood education primarily focuses on learning through playing to develop the child’s physical, sensory, communicational and social development．Early childhood education has become a concern of the government, who pushes poor children to be formally trained before they are old enough for Kindergarten．

There are good reasons for the government to push early childhood education．Studies have shown that orphaned children who did not receive good care and education become developmentally delayed causing failure in school, and even in life．Further studies show that poor children who take part in Head Start programs are more prepared for school, less likely to end up in Special Education classes, and are less likely to receive public help or go to jail．

There are also negative parts to putting a child in formal education programs too early．Time Magazine online explains that “the younger the child the less his chances of catching up with first-grade work．” I have personally witnessed many children of my generation who went to Head Start programs become frustrated and bored with school before they finished high school．Yet parents have been sure that the earlier the child starts school, the better off he or she is, so they push to start children earlier．

Actually while early formal education of poor children does show great gains in the early elementary years, studies also show that this head start is really a “false start”, as the gains are lost in middle and high school years．It seems that environment is a bigger factor on life’s success than early education．Head Start programs have not achieved its original goal in closing the achievement gap in poor and middle school children．Perhaps it is time to find other ways to close that gap．

The purpose of the government valuing the early childhood education is ________．

A．to develop the children’s communication

B．to give orphaned children good care and education

C．to get the children prepared for the kindergarten

D．to train the children formally and regularly

According to the studies, which of the following is True?

A．Children with good early education may have a rich life．

B．The orphaned children are usually unhappy in their life．

C．Children without early education can do well at school．

D．Head Start programs are helpful to the poor children．

“the younger the child the less his chances of catching up with first-grade work．” suggests that _________．

A．the early childhood education is helpless to the child’s grade

B．it is good for the young children to receive early education

C．the early education can help the children follow the grade

D．the younger the children are, the cleverer they will be

The author’s attitude toward the early childhood education is _________．

A．puzzling             B．objective   C．indifferent      D．approving

The main idea of the last passage is that __________．

A．the early childhood education is very necessary

B．Head Start programs have helped the children a lot

C．environment is the most important to life’s success

D．better ways should be found to help the poor children