Everybody is happy as his pay rises. Yet pleasure at your own can disappear if you learn that a fellow worker has been given a bigger one. Indeed, if he is known as being lazy, you might even be quite cross. Such behavior is regarded as “all too human”, with the underlying belief that other animals would not be able to have this finely developed sense of sadness. But a study by Sarah Brosnan of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, which has just been published in Nature, suggests that it is all too monkey, as well.

The researchers studied the behaviors of some kind of female brown monkeys. They look smart. They are good-natured, co-operative creatures, and they share their food happily. Above all, like female human beings, they tend to pay much closer attention to the value of “goods and services” than males.

Such characteristics make them perfect subjects for Doctor Brosnan’s study. The researchers spent two years teaching their monkeys to exchange tokens(奖券)-some rocks, for food. Normally, the monkeys were happy enough to exchange pieces of rock for pieces of cucumber. However, when two monkeys were placed in separate and connected rooms, so that each other could observe what the other is getting in return for its rock, they became quite different.

In the world of monkeys, grapes are excellent goods (and much preferable to cucumbers). So when one monkey was handed a grape in exchange for her token, the second was not willing to hand hers over for a mere piece of cucumber. And if one received a grape without having to provide her token in exchange at all, the other either shook her own token at the researcher, or refused to accept the cucumber. Indeed, the mere presence of a grape in the other room (without an actual monkey to eat it) was enough to bring about dissatisfaction in a female monkey.

The researches suggest that these monkeys, like humans, are guided by social senses. In the wild, they are co-operative and group-living. Such co-operation is likely to be firm only when each animal feels it is not being cheated. Feelings of anger when unfairly treated, it seems, are not the nature of human beings alone. Refusing a smaller reward completely makes these feelings clear to other animals of the group. However, whether such a sense of fairness developed independently in monkeys and humans, or whether it comes from the common roots that they had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question.

1．Female monkeys of this kind are chosen for the research most probably because they are　 .

A．more serious about what they get

B．attentive to researchers’ instructions

C．nice in both appearance and behaviors

D．more ready to help others than their male companions

2．The underlined statement “it is all too monkey” means that_______.

A．monkeys are also angry with lazy fellows

B．feeling bitter at unfairness is also monkey’s nature

C．monkeys, like humans, tend to be envious of each other

D．no animals other than monkeys can develop such feelings

3．When one monkey received a grape for free, the other would　　　　 .

A．not be willing to hand over her token

B．shake her hands and get angry

C．have to exchange her token for the cucumber

D．refuse to accept the cucumber

4．Which of the following conclusions is TRUE according to the passage?

A．Human beings’ feelings of anger are developed from the monkeys.

B．In the research, male monkeys are less likely to exchange food with others.

C．Co-operation between monkeys stays firm before the realization of being cheated.

D．Only monkeys and humans have the sense of fairness dating from 35 million years ago.

5．What can we learn about the monkeys in Sarah’s study?

A．They can be trained to develop social senses.

B．They usually show their feelings openly as humans do.

C．They may show their satisfaction with equal treatment.

D．They feel angry when they receive small rewards.

       Everybody is happy as his pay rises. Yet pleasure at your own can disappear if you learn that a fellow worker has been given a bigger one. Indeed, if he is known as being lazy, you might even be quite cross. Such behavior is regarded as “all too human”, with the underlying belief that other animals would not be able to have this finely developed sense of sadness. But a study by Sarah Brosnan of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, which has just been published in Nature, suggests that it is all too monkey, as well.

The researchers studied the behaviors of some kind of female brown monkeys. They look smart. They are good-natured, co-operative creatures, and they share their food happily. Above all, like female human beings, they tend to pay much closer attention to the value of “goods and services” than males.

Such characteristics make them perfect subjects for Doctor Brosnan’s study. The researchers spent two years teaching their monkeys to exchange tokens(奖券)-some rocks, for food. Normally, the monkeys were happy enough to exchange pieces of rock for pieces of cucumber. However, when two monkeys were placed in separate and connected rooms, so that each other could observe what the other is getting in return for its rock, they became quite different.

In the world of monkeys, grapes are excellent goods (and much preferable to cucumbers). So when one monkey was handed a grape in exchange for her token, the second was not willing to hand hers over for a mere piece of cucumber. And if one received a grape without having to provide her token in exchange at all, the other either shook her own token at the researcher, or refused to accept the cucumber. Indeed, the mere presence of a grape in the other room (without an actual monkey to eat it) was enough to bring about dissatisfaction in a female monkey.

The researches suggest that these monkeys, like humans, are guided by social senses. In the wild, they are co-operative and group-living. Such co-operation is likely to be firm only when each animal feels it is not being cheated. Feelings of anger when unfairly treated, it seems, are not the nature of human beings alone. Refusing a smaller reward completely makes these feelings clear to other animals of the group. However, whether such a sense of fairness developed independently in monkeys and humans, or whether it comes from the common roots that they had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question.

66．Female monkeys of this kind are chosen for the research most probably because they are    .

       A．more serious about what they get

       B．attentive to researchers’ instructions

       C．nice in both appearance and behaviors

       D．more ready to help others than their male companions

67．The underlined statement “it is all too monkey” means that_______.

       A．monkeys are also angry with lazy fellows

       B．feeling bitter at unfairness is also monkey’s nature

       C．monkeys, like humans, tend to be envious of each other

       D．no animals other than monkeys can develop such feelings

68．When one monkey received a grape for free, the other would          .

       A．not be willing to hand over her token

       B．shake her hands and get angry

       C．have to exchange her token for the cucumber

       D．refuse to accept the cucumber

69．Which of the following conclusions is TRUE according to the passage?

       A．Human beings’ feelings of anger are developed from the monkeys.

       B．In the research, male monkeys are less likely to exchange food with others.

       C．Co-operation between monkeys stays firm before the realization of being cheated.

       D．Only monkeys and humans have the sense of fairness dating from 35 million years ago.

70．What can we learn about the monkeys in Sarah’s study?

       A．They can be trained to develop social senses.

       B．They usually show their feelings openly as humans do.

       C．They may show their satisfaction with equal treatment.

       D．They feel angry when they receive small rewards.

Everybody is happy as his pay rises. Yet pleasure at your own can disappear if you learn that a fellow worker has been given a bigger one. Indeed, if he is known as being lazy, you might even be quite cross. Such behavior is regarded as “all too human”, with the underlying belief that other animals would not be able to have this finely developed sense of sadness. But a study by Sarah Brosnan of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, which has just been published in Nature, suggests that it is all too monkey, as well.

The researchers studied the behaviors of some kind of female brown monkeys. They look smart. They are good-natured, co-operative creatures, and they share their food happily. Above all, like female human beings, they tend to pay much closer attention to the value of “goods and services” than males.

Such characteristics make them perfect subjects for Doctor Brosnan’s study. The researchers spent two years teaching their monkeys to exchange tokens(奖券)-some rocks, for food. Normally, the monkeys were happy enough to exchange pieces of rock for pieces of cucumber. However, when two monkeys were placed in separate and connected rooms, so that each other could observe what the other is getting in return for its rock, they became quite different.

In the world of monkeys, grapes are excellent goods (and much preferable to cucumbers). So when one monkey was handed a grape in exchange for her token, the second was not willing to hand hers over for a mere piece of cucumber. And if one received a grape without having to provide her token in exchange at all, the other either shook her own token at the researcher, or refused to accept the cucumber. Indeed, the mere presence of a grape in the other room (without an actual monkey to eat it) was enough to bring about dissatisfaction in a female monkey.

The researches suggest that these monkeys, like humans, are guided by social senses. In the wild, they are co-operative and group-living. Such co-operation is likely to be firm only when each animal feels it is not being cheated. Feelings of anger when unfairly treated, it seems, are not the nature of human beings alone. Refusing a smaller reward completely makes these feelings clear to other animals of the group. However, whether such a sense of fairness developed independently in monkeys and humans, or whether it comes from the common roots that they had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question.

1．Female monkeys of this kind are chosen for the research most probably because they are    .

       A．more serious about what they get

       B．attentive to researchers’ instructions

       C．nice in both appearance and behaviors

       D．more ready to help others than their male companions

2．The underlined statement “it is all too monkey” means that_______.

       A．monkeys are also angry with lazy fellows

       B．feeling bitter at unfairness is also monkey’s nature

       C．monkeys, like humans, tend to be envious of each other

       D．no animals other than monkeys can develop such feelings

3．When one monkey received a grape for free, the other would          .

       A．not be willing to hand over her token

       B．shake her hands and get angry

       C．have to exchange her token for the cucumber

       D．refuse to accept the cucumber

4．Which of the following conclusions is TRUE according to the passage?

       A．Human beings’ feelings of anger are developed from the monkeys.

       B．In the research, male monkeys are less likely to exchange food with others.

       C．Co-operation between monkeys stays firm before the realization of being cheated.

       D．Only monkeys and humans have the sense of fairness dating from 35 million years ago.

5．What can we learn about the monkeys in Sarah’s study?

       A．They can be trained to develop social senses.

       B．They usually show their feelings openly as humans do.

       C．They may show their satisfaction with equal treatment.

       D．They feel angry when they receive small rewards.

Everybody is happy as his pay rises. Yet pleasure at your own can disappear if you learn that a fellow worker has been given a bigger one. Indeed, if he is known as being lazy, you might even be quite cross. Such behavior is regarded as “all too human”, with the underlying belief that other animals would not be able to have this finely developed sense of sadness. But a study by Sarah Brosnan of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, which has just been published in Nature, suggests that it is all too monkey, as well.

The researchers studied the behaviors of some kind of female brown monkeys. They look smart. They are good-natured, co-operative creatures, and they share their food happily. Above all, like female human beings, they tend to pay much closer attention to the value of “goods and services” than males.

Such characteristics make them perfect subjects for Doctor Brosnan’s study. The researchers spent two years teaching their monkeys to exchange tokens(奖券)-some rocks, for food. Normally, the monkeys were happy enough to exchange pieces of rock for pieces of cucumber. However, when two monkeys were placed in separate and connected rooms, so that each other could observe what the other is getting in return for its rock, they became quite different.

In the world of monkeys, grapes are excellent goods (and much preferable to cucumbers). So when one monkey was handed a grape in exchange for her token, the second was not willing to hand hers over for a mere piece of cucumber. And if one received a grape without having to provide her token in exchange at all, the other either shook her own token at the researcher, or refused to accept the cucumber. Indeed, the mere presence of a grape in the other room (without an actual monkey to eat it) was enough to bring about dissatisfaction in a female monkey.

The researches suggest that these monkeys, like humans, are guided by social senses. In the wild, they are co-operative and group-living. Such co-operation is likely to be firm only when each animal feels it is not being cheated. Feelings of anger when unfairly treated, it seems, are not the nature of human beings alone. Refusing a smaller reward completely makes these feelings clear to other animals of the group. However, whether such a sense of fairness developed independently in monkeys and humans, or whether it comes from the common roots that they had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question.

1．Female monkeys of this kind are chosen for the research most probably because they are　 .

A．more serious about what they get

B．attentive to researchers’ instructions

C．nice in both appearance and behaviors

D．more ready to help others than their male companions

2．The underlined statement “it is all too monkey” means that_______.

A．monkeys are also angry with lazy fellows

B．feeling bitter at unfairness is also monkey’s nature

C．monkeys, like humans, tend to be envious of each other

D．no animals other than monkeys can develop such feelings

3．When one monkey received a grape for free, the other would　　　　 .

A．not be willing to hand over her token

B．shake her hands and get angry

C．have to exchange her token for the cucumber

D．refuse to accept the cucumber

4．Which of the following conclusions is TRUE according to the passage?

A．Human beings’ feelings of anger are developed from the monkeys.

B．In the research, male monkeys are less likely to exchange food with others.

C．Co-operation between monkeys stays firm before the realization of being cheated.

D．Only monkeys and humans have the sense of fairness dating from 35 million years ago.

5．What can we learn about the monkeys in Sarah’s study?

A．They can be trained to develop social senses.

B．They usually show their feelings openly as humans do.

C．They may show their satisfaction with equal treatment.

D．They feel angry when they receive small rewards.

The day was Thankful Thursday, our “ regular day” of service. It’s a __36__tradition that my two little girls and I began years ago. On this __37__ Thursday, we had no idea exactly what we were going to do.

__38__ along a busy road, we prayed for guidance in search of __39__our weekly Act of Kindness. My girls were__40__, and started shouting “ McDonald’s” . Suddenly I realized that almost every crossing I__41__ was occupied by a beggar, and then it hit me! All these beggars must be hungry. Perfect! We were going to buy__42__for them.

It was a great way to__43__. The Act of Kindness was anonymous(匿名的)，and we loved what we saw in the back view mirror: a__44__and delighted person holding up his lunch bag and just looking at us__45__we drove off.

We had come to the end of our “ route” where there was a small woman standing there, asking for__46__. We handed her our final lunch bag, and then made a U-turn to head back in the opposite direction for home. Unfortunately, the light stopped us. I was __47__and didn’t know quite how to behave.

“No one has ever done anything like this for me before,” the woman said with__48__. I replied, “Well, I’m glad that we were the first one.”__49__ uneasy , and wanting to move the conversation along, I asked, “So, when do you think you’ll eat your lunch?”

“Oh honey, I’m not going to__50__this lunch.” I was confused , and she continued , “I have a little girl of my own at home and she just __51__ McDonald’s , but I can never buy it for her because I just don’t have the __52__ . You know what… tonight she is going to have McDonald’s !”

So many times I had__53__whether our Acts of Kindness were too small or insignificant to really__54__any difference . Yet in that moment, I recognized the__55__of Mother Teresa’s words, “We cannot do great things---only small things with great love.”