摘要:4.many A.money B.family C.absence D.bury

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  In 1826, a Frenchman named Niepce needed pictures for his business. But he was not a good artist. So he invented a very simple cameras. He put it in a window of his house and took a picture of his yard. That was the first photograph.

  The next important date in the history! of photography was 1837. That year, Daguerre, another French, took a picture of his studio. He used a new kind of camera and a different process. In his pictures, you could see everything very clearly, even the smallest details. This kind of photograph was called a daguerreotype.

  Soon, other people began to use Daguerre's process. Travelers brought back daguerreotypes from all around the world. People photographed famous buildings, cities and mountains.

  In about 1840, the process was improved. Then photographers could take pictures of people and moving things. The process was not simple. The photographers had to cary lots of films and processing equipment. But this did not stop the photographers, especially in the United States. After 1840s daguerreotype artists were popular in most cities.

  Mathew Brady was a well - known American photographer. He took many pictures of famous people. The pictures were unusual because they were very life - like and full of personality (个性).

  Brady was also the first preson to take pictures of war. His 1862 Civil War pictures showed dead soldiers and ruined cities. They made the war seem more real and more terrible.

  In the 1880s, new inventions began to change photography... Photographers could buy films readymade in rolls(卷). So they did not have to make the film themselves. Also, they did not have to process the film immediately. They could bring it back to their studios and develop it later meaning that they did not have to carry lots of equipment. And finally, the invention of the small handheld camera made photography less expensive.

  With the small camera, anyone could be a photographer. People began to use cameras just for fun. They took pictures of their families, friends and favorite places. They called these pictures" snapshot".

  Photographs became very popular in newspapers in the 1890s. Soon magazines and books also used documentary photographs. These pictures showed true events and people. They were much more real than drawing.

  Photography also turned into a form of art by the end of the 10th century. Some photographs were not just copies of the real world. They showed ideas and feelings, like other art forms.

  The passage is mainly about ________.

  A. the inventoin of cameras

  B. a kind of new art - photography

  C. the development of photography

  D. the important dates in the history of photography

   The first pictures of a war were taken by________.

  A. a French photographer in the 1840s

  B. an American photographer in the 1860s

  C. a German reporter in the 1880s

  D. a French artist in the 1890s

  Photography can also be an art form because artists can ________.

  A. take anything they like

  B. keep a record of real life

  C. take photos of the famous

  D. show ideas and feeling in pictures

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完型填空:

  It was only in the eighteenth century that people in Europe began to think mountains were beautiful.  1   that time, mountains were   2   by the people living on the plain,   3   by the city people, to whom they were wild and   4   places in which one was easily   5   or killed by terrible animals.

  Slowly, however, many of the people who were living   6   in the towns began to grow tired of   7  .They began to feel interested in looking for things which could not be explained, for sights and sounds which produce in a feeling of fear and excitement.  8   in the   9   century, people began to turn away from the man-made   10   to untouched country, and particularly   11   places where it was dangerous and wild.High mountains began to be   12   for a holiday.

  Then, mountain-climbing began to grow popular as a sport.To some people, it is something greatly   13   about getting to the.  14   of a high mountain:a struggle against nature is finer than a battle   15   other human beings.And than, when you are at the mountain top after a long and difficult   16  , what a   17   reward it is to be able to look   18   on everything within   19  !At such time, you feel happier and prouder than you can ever feel down   20  

(1)

[  ]

A.

After

B.

In

C.

At

D.

Before

(2)

[  ]

A.

hated

B.

liked

C.

feared

D.

observed

(3)

[  ]

A.

however

B.

further

C.

sometimes

D.

especially

(4)

[  ]

A.

exciting

B.

interesting

C.

dangerous

D.

alone

(5)

[  ]

A.

fallen down

B.

lost

C.

discovered

D.

caught

(6)

[  ]

A.

unhappily

B.

lonely

C.

comfortable

D.

easily

(7)

[  ]

A.

them

B.

it

C.

themselves

D.

that

(8)

[  ]

A.

Yet

B.

So

C.

However

D.

But

(9)

[  ]

A.

last

B.

recent

C.

eighteenth

D.

early

(10)

[  ]

A.

country

B.

houses

C.

town

D.

planet

(11)

[  ]

A.

to

B.

at

C.

in

D.

for

(12)

[  ]

A.

importam

B.

right

C.

necessary

D.

popular

(13)

[  ]

A.

pleasant

B.

interested

C.

dangerous

D.

terrible

(14)

[  ]

A.

foot

B.

spot

C.

top

D.

tip

(15)

[  ]

A.

with

B.

to

C.

against

D.

between

(16)

[  ]

A.

light

B.

climb

C.

walk

D.

running

(17)

[  ]

A.

surprising

B.

satisfactory

C.

disappointing

D.

astonishing

(18)

[  ]

A.

behind

B.

up

C.

down

D.

around

(19)

[  ]

A.

miles

B.

minutes

C.

seeing

D.

sight

(20)

[  ]

A.

above

B.

below

C.

under

D.

away

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Baekeland and Hartmann report that the “short sleepers” had been more or less average in their sleep needs until the men were in their teens. But at about age 15 or so, the men voluntarily began cutting down their nightly sleep time because of pressures from school, work, and other activities. These men tended to view their nightly periods of unconsciousness as bothersome interruptions in their daily routines.

   In general, these “short sleeps” appeared ambitious, active, energetic, cheerful, conformist(不动摇) in their opinions, and very sure about their career choices. They often held several jobs at once, or workers full-or part-time while going to school. And many of them had a strong urge to appear “normal” or “acceptable” to their friends and associates.

  When asked to recall their dreams, the “short sleepers” did poorly. More than this, they seemed to prefer not remembering. In similar fashion, their usual way of dealing with psychological problems was to deny that the problem existed, and then to keep busy in the hope that the trouble would go away.

  The sleep patterns of the “short sleepers” were similar to, but less extreme than, sleep patterns shown by many mental patients categorized as manic(疯人).

  The “long sleepers” were quite different indeed. Baekeland and Hartmann report that these young men had been lengthy sleeps since childhood. They seemed to enjoy their sleep, protected it, and were quite concerned when they were occasionally robbed of their desired 9 hours of nightly bed rest. They tended to recall their dreams much better than did the “short sleepers.”

  Many of the “long sleepers” were shy, anxious, introverted (内向), inhibited (压抑), passive, mildly depressed, and unsure of themselves (particularly in social situations). Several openly states that sleep was an escape from their daily problems.

According to the report,______.

  A. many short sleepers need less sleep by nature

  B. many short sleepers are forced to reduce their nightly sleep time because they are busy

        with their work

  C. long sleepers sleep a longer period of time during the day

  D. many long sleepers preserve their sleeping habit formed during their childhood

Many “short sleepers” are likely to hold the view that _____.

  A. sleep is a withdrawal from the reality

  B. sleep interferes with their sound judgment

  C. sleep is the least expensive item on their routine program

  D. sleep is the best way to deal with psychological troubles

It is stated in the third paragraph that short sleepers _____.

  A. are ideally vigorous even under the pressures of life

  B. often neglect the consequences of inadequate sleep

  C. do not know how to relax properly

  D. are more unlikely to run into mental problems

When sometimes they cannot enjoy adequate sleep, the long sleepers might ____.

  A. appear disturbed                     B. become energetic

  C. feel dissatisfied                        D. be extremely depressed

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阅读下面短文,从短文后各题所给的四个选项(A、B、C、和D)中,选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。

        Have you ever had problems in your life and don’t know how to be happy? If                16  , you will find “Being a Happy Teenager” written by an Australian writer, Andrew Matthews,  17  .In his book, Matthews  18  us how to have a happy life and answers the  19   of teenagers.

   Many people may    20     teenagers’ life, such as parents and friends, and the book    21   that we should stop being angry and forgive. The book tells us of useful skills,    22   how to change what you have learned into pictures of your mind to   23  your memory better.

   Many teenagers think    24   happiness comes from either a good exam result   25  praise (赞扬) from other people. But you can   26   be happy when there are no such “good” things.

   Success also comes from a   27   attitude. If you   28   from problems, you will have success in the future. Some students may often feel     29     when they are too tall or too short. But Matthews tells us that   30   comes from thinking about things in a positive   31   . If you are   32   , people notice you and you can get a   33   view(视线) of what is around you; if you are short, your clothes and shoes   34  less space in your bedroom! This is Matthews’ most important   35   : you choose to be happy!

A. so              B. such              C. it              D. this

A. easy            B. funny               C. useful            D. simple

A. orders                   B. tells                 C. asks              D. allows

A. questions              B. problems          C. ideas             D. comments

A. impress                 B. cause                C. effect                   D. affect

A. suggests              B. writes               C. reads             D. asks

A. for example          B. such as              C. for instance              D. as before

A. make                    B. have              C. take                 D. get

A. what                  B. which               C. that                  D. whether

A. and                     B. but                C. so                 D. or

A. never                  B. already          C. still                  D. forever

A. confident         B. positive         C. common          D. normal

A. learn                 B. suffer                   C. hear                D. separate

A. frightened        B. shocked         C. confused           D. worried

A. attitude               B. intelligence    C. failure           D. altitude

A. way                  B. route             C. style                 D. spirit

A. short                   B. small             C. tall                D. fat

A. longer                 B. higher           C. bigger              D. better

A. take up                B. put up           C. set up               D. break up

A. class                   B. lesson            C. education          D. advantage

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