Abuse can be defined as “to treat wrongfully or harmfully”. There are different categories of abuse that have been recognized and within our case study there appear to be two distinct forms of abuse, family abuse and child abuse. These can be subdivided into terms of physical abuse and psychological abuse. Physical abuse is the intentional physical injury or harm or deliberately not preventing harm occurring. The minimum physical signs seen in our study of James are bruises but they might feel more painful to his heart than the more serious invisible injuries. Emotional abuse is the continual failure to meet basic emotional needs. Emotional development is prevented and well-being harmed. The emotional signs in our case study can be seen in James by his actions of being withdrawn and non-communicative. The behavioural sign to abuse taking place to James is his aggressive behaviour.
The short term effect of physical abuse on James is physical pain. In the long term, injuries that often happen can result in secondary illness and complications, permanent scars or even disabilities. His emotional effects in the short term are a fear of people, withdrawal, and poor relationship with others. The long term emotional effects could be low self-respect, depression, inability to form relationships.
Abuse can arise for many reasons and there are a number of theoretical views which may be useful in clarifying why the abuse has taken place. The female view believes that sex and family roles give approval to a culture of abuse. Considering the historical and fixed ideas, men have power and control. In James’ case he lives in a re-constructed family with the father being rude and a heavy drinker. From a psychological angle, alcohol misuse can bring mental health problems which may increase aggression in the person and so James is more at risk from abuse by his stepfather. The relationship between the mother and James involves a dependency of James on his mother. With other problems in James’ mother’s life, this leads to increasing stress and the inability of his mother to cope with and manage a family with four children borne by two mothers. The attachment theory states that significant separations of a child from the carer in the early years can have an effect on their emotional development and can lead to psychological and social difficulties in later life. The loss of both his father and his half sister’s father with whom he lives may have contributed to his behaviour.
Abusive behaviour can sometimes be the result of mental health problems, brain damage or being abused themselves. By becoming the abuser they believe they are taking control; some even believe that they are not doing anything wrong and cannot stop themselves. When working with individuals who have abused, it is important to be aware that they may go on to abuse again and there is a need to protect the community from the abuser.
【小题1】Which of the following is closest in meaning to the underlined word “bruises” in Paragraph 1?

10-year–old John ran barefoot out of the door on a windy, cold day in February and he   1   straight for the 125-foot electric tower behind their home. The tower carried 230,000 volts through its silver wires but John wasn′t    2   of the danger. He had suffered from a mental illness, a condition that separates him from reality,   3  him to live within his own   4   . That day his thoughts were set on climbing to the top of that tower, touching the sky and feeling what it was like to   5   .

       His seventeen-year-old brother, James, who had always been close by, watching him and making sure that no   6   came to him,   7  to realize that he was missing this time.

       John had already   8   the handrails（栏杆）and was making his   9   to the sky by the time James   10   him. James understood the    11   of the electrical tower but he chose to follow his younger brother up each gray rail, trying not to look   12   , all the way to the top. James finally   13   his brother and held him tightly with his right hand. With his left hand, he held on to a metal bar to help stabilize（固定）them   14   .

       The minutes lengthened into hours   15   they balanced on a three-inch rail. James sang songs to   16   his own beating heart and to draw his brother′s attention away from the rescue action taking place   17  .

       Hundreds of people gathered at the base of the tower and they looked like ants to James. Helicopters（直升飞机）began to circle overhead and emergency trucks rushed to the   18   . When secured with a safety line, the brothers and their rescuers were carefully lowered to the ground, the crowd below burst out  19   . They witnessed the   20  of a 17-year-old boy named James.

1．A．looked                  B．headed                C．cared                  D．sent

3．A．teaching                B．allowing              C．coaching             D．forcing

4．A．words                   B．opinions              C．thoughts              D．ideas

5．A．run                       B．fly                      C．rush                    D．walk

6．A．harm                    B．wound                C．fear                    D．damage

7．A．refused                 B．happened             C．pretended            D．failed

8．A．removed               B．cleared                C．overcome            D．occupied

9．A．way                      B．trip                     C．tour                    D．journey

10．A．caught                B．saved                  C．found                  D．recognized

11．A．usage                  B．danger                 C．effect                  D．height

12．A．left                     B．right                    C．up                      D．down

13．A．reached               B．touched               C．fetched               D．found

14．A．either                  B．both                    C．all                       D．each

15．A．before                 B．till                       C．where                 D．as

16．A．stop                    B．rest                     C．calm                   D．resist

17．A．below                 B．nearby                 C．ahead                  D．around

18．A．land                    B．space                  C．center                 D．scene

19．A．cries                   B．cheers                 C．laughter               D．shouts

20．A．carefulness          B．friendliness          C．braveness            D．unselfishness

Abuse can be defined as “to treat wrongfully or harmfully”. There are different categories of abuse that have been recognized and within our case study there appear to be two distinct forms of abuse, family abuse and child abuse. These can be subdivided into terms of physical abuse and psychological abuse. Physical abuse is the intentional physical injury or harm or deliberately not preventing harm occurring. The minimum physical signs seen in our study of James are bruises but they might feel more painful to his heart than the more serious invisible injuries. Emotional abuse is the continual failure to meet basic emotional needs. Emotional development is prevented and well-being harmed. The emotional signs in our case study can be seen in James by his actions of being withdrawn and non-communicative. The behavioural sign to abuse taking place to James is his aggressive behaviour.

The short term effect of physical abuse on James is physical pain. In the long term, injuries that often happen can result in secondary illness and complications, permanent scars or even disabilities. His emotional effects in the short term are a fear of people, withdrawal, and poor relationship with others. The long term emotional effects could be low self-respect, depression, inability to form relationships.

Abuse can arise for many reasons and there are a number of theoretical views which may be useful in clarifying why the abuse has taken place. The female view believes that sex and family roles give approval to a culture of abuse. Considering the historical and fixed ideas, men have power and control. In James’ case he lives in a re-constructed family with the father being rude and a heavy drinker. From a psychological angle, alcohol misuse can bring mental health problems which may increase aggression in the person and so James is more at risk from abuse by his stepfather. The relationship between the mother and James involves a dependency of James on his mother. With other problems in James’ mother’s life, this leads to increasing stress and the inability of his mother to cope with and manage a family with four children borne by two mothers. The attachment theory states that significant separations of a child from the carer in the early years can have an effect on their emotional development and can lead to psychological and social difficulties in later life. The loss of both his father and his half sister’s father with whom he lives may have contributed to his behaviour.

Abusive behaviour can sometimes be the result of mental health problems, brain damage or being abused themselves. By becoming the abuser they believe they are taking control; some even believe that they are not doing anything wrong and cannot stop themselves. When working with individuals who have abused, it is important to be aware that they may go on to abuse again and there is a need to protect the community from the abuser.

1.Which of the following is closest in meaning to the underlined word “bruises” in Paragraph 1?

2.According to the writer’s case study, which of the following cases can be defined as abuse?

3.From the passage we can infer that ______________.

4.Which of the following can best serve as the title of the passage? zxxk