Rachael Jack, University of Glasgow researcher, said that rather than scanning evenly(均匀的) across a face as Westerners do, Easterners fix their attention on the eyes.

     "We show that Easterners and Westerners look at different face features to read facial expressions," Jack said. "Westerners look at the eyes and the mouth in equal measure, whereas Easterners favor the eyes and neglect (忽略) the mouth."

     According to Jack and her colleagues, the discovery shows that human communication of emotion is more complex than previously believed. As a result, facial expressions that had been considered universally recognizable cannot be used to reliably convey emotion in cross-cultural situations.

     The researchers studied cultural differences in the recognition of facial expressions by recording the eye movements of 13 Western Caucasian and 13 East Asian people while they observed pictures of. expressive faces and put them into categories: happy, sad, surprised, fearful, disgusted, angry, or neutral. They compared how accurately participants read those facial expressions using their particular eye movement strategies.

     It turned out that Easterners focused much greater attention on the eyes and made significantly more errors than did Westerners. "The cultural difference in eye movements that they show is probably a reflection of cultural difference in facial expressions," Jack said. "Our data suggest that whereas Westerners use the whole face to convey emotion, Easterners use the eyes more and mouth less."

     In short, the data show that facial expressions are not universal signals of human emotion. From here on, examining how cultural factors have diversified these basic social skills will help our understanding of human emotion. Otherwise, when it comes to communicating emotions across cultures, Easterners and Westerners will find themselves lost in translation.

The discovery shows that Westerners      .

    A. pay equal attention to the eyes and the mouth

    B. consider facial expressions universally reliable

    C. observe the eyes and the mouth in different ways

D. have more difficulty in recognizing facial expressions                                     

What does the underlined word "they" in Paragraph 4 refer to?

A. The participants in the study.        B. The researchers of the study.

C. The errors made during the study.    D. The data collected from the study.                    

In comparison with Westerners, Easterners are likely to         .

A. do translation more successfully       

B. study the mouth more frequently

C. examine the eyes more attentively      

D. read facial expressions more correctly    

What can be the best title for the passage?

    A. The Eye as the Window to the Soul

B. Cultural Differences in Reading Emotions

C. Effective Methods to Develop Social Skills

D. How to Increase Cross-cultural Understanding                                              

After we meet people, it is up to us to make them our friends．Let us stop a moment and consider what really makes a friend. The major qualities like faithfulness, devotion, friendliness，flash through our minds. But it is the large number of very small particular qualities that make up one’s whole character, such as cheerfulness, friendliness and punctuality. After all, “to make a friend, be a friend” is not such a big and difficult order. There are particular favorable qualities, which attract others to us, and some fundamental psychological do’s and don’ts．

    If you are in the presence of a shy person, talking and asking casual questions may bring him out of his shell. Think of what would be most acceptable to the other person for you to talk, or to listen. Either way, the goal is to make yourself pleasant．

    Always remember to listen, but listen intelligently. To have anyone “hang on our words” is the most unnoticeably clever way in the world to please somebody．For a few extremely happy seconds we are the center of attraction，but when it is our turn to be audience，let us remember how we felt as the actor，and let’s be genuinely interested in what the other fellow is saying．

    Other people will like us, if we like them. If you want friends, keep your mind and heart open to friendship. Be alive to the other person’s world．

This passage is mainly about________.

      A. the way of talking to a shy person

      B. some favorable qualities to be a psychologist

      C. how to make yourself attractive to listeners

      D. how to make a friend and be a friend

The underlined part “bring him out of his shell” in the second paragraph most probably means________.

      A. make him become active                B. make him feel more nervous

      C. help him understand the question better    D．help him listen intelligently

According to the passage，an important way in making friends is to________.

      A. attract them       B. be attracted      C. listen attentively     D. talk widely

Of the qualities in a friend，which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage?

      A. Faithfulness.      B. Devotion．      C. Punctuality.         D. Unselfishness.

.I hope I will not be called on in class as I’m not yet____prepared．

A. attentively         B. readily                     C. actively             D. adequately

Where we live, on the eastern shore of Maryland, the gentle waters run in and out like fingers slimming at the tips.
The Canada geese know this place, as do the white swans and ducks. In the autumn, they come home for the winter. Once or twice each year, snow and frozen rain move into the area. When this happens, if the river is at its narrowest, there is a freeze which hardens the water to the ice.
One morning, a friend of mine set the breakfast table beside the huge window, which overlooked the Tred Avon River. Suddenly she leaned forward and cried out, “There is a goose out
there.”
We saw the figure of a large Canada goose, very iii, its wings folded tight to its sides, its feet frozen to the ice.
Then from the dark sky, she saw a line of swans. They floated from the top of the sky downward and at last landed on the ice. My friend was on her feet now, with one unbelieving hand against her mouth. As the swans surrounded the frozen goose, she feared what life it still had might be pecked（啄）out by those great swan beaks.
Instead, those beaks began to work on the ice. The long necks were lifted and curved down, again and again. It went on for a long time. At last, the goose’s head lifted. Its body pulled. Then the goose was free and standing on the ice. And the swans stood in the air watching. Then, as if it had cried, “I cannot fly,” four of the swans came down around it. Their powerful beaks chipped off the ice and held in the feathers. Slowly, the goose spread its wings as far as they could go, and moved slowly into the sky.
This is a true story. I just think of it in the bad moments, and from it comes only one hopeful question:“ If so for birds, why not for man?”
【小题1】What happened to the Canada goose?

I grew up in a community called Estepona. I was 16 when one morning, Dad told me I could drive him into a___1___ village called Mijas, on condition that I took the car in to be ___2___ at a nearby garage. I readily accepted. I drove Dad into Mijas, and ___3___ to pick him up at 4 pm, then dropped off the car at the ___4___. With several hours to spare, I went to a theater. ___5___, when the last movie finished, it was six. I was two hours late!

I knew Dad would be angry if he ___6___ I’d been watching movies. So I decided not to tell him the truth. When I ___7___ there I apologized for being late, and told him I’d ___8___ as quickly as I could, but that the car had needed a major repairs. I’ll never forget the ___9___ he gave me. “I’m disappointed you ___10___ you have to lie to me, Jason. ” Dad looked at me again. “When you didn’t ___11___, I called the garage to ask if there were any ___12___, and they told me you hadn’t yet picked up the car. ” I felt ___13___ as I weakly told him the real reason. A ___14___ passed through Dad as he listened attentively. “I’m angry with ___15___. I realize I’ve failed as a father. I’m going to walk home now and think seriously about ___16___ I’ve gone wrong all these years. ” “But Dad, it’s 18 miles!” My protests and apologies were ___17___. Dad walked home that day. I drove behind him, ___18___ him all the way, but he walked silently.

Seeing Dad in so much ___19___and emotional pain was my most painful experience. however, it was ___20___ the most successful lesson. I have never lied since.

1. A. lonely    B. small  C. distant D. familiar

2. A. kept       B. washed       C. watched     D. serviced

3. A. agreed    B. planned      C. determined D. promised

4. A. village    B. community C. garage D. theater

5. A. however B. Then   C. Therefore   D. Still

6. A. realized  B. found out   C. thought      D. figured out

7. A. went      B. ran     C. walked       D. hurried

8. A. started    B. left     C. arrived       D. come

9. A. word      B. face    C. look    D. appearance

10. A. find      B. decide C. believe       D. feel

11. A. turn up B. drive out    C. go away     D. come out

12. A. questions     B. problems    C. mistakes     D. faults

13. A. ashamed      B. frightened  C. nervous      D. surprised

14. A. nervousness  B. sadness       C. silence       D. thought

15. A. you      B. myself       C. me      D. yourself

16. A. where   B. how    C. why    D. when

17. A. meaningless B. useless       C. helpless      D. worthless

18. A. asking  B. persuading  C. begging      D. following

19. A. physical       B. practical     C. personal     D. natural

20. A. indeed  B. always       C. also    D. almost