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Can Apes Really Learn To “Talk”
Who are Sarah, Washoe, Koko, and Sherman? They are chimpanzees or gorillas who some scientists claim have learned how to “talk” to humans. In the past several years people have been astonished by reports that they communicate with humans. For example, Koko, a female gorilla, is said to understand and use hundreds of words. Koko, says her trainer, Francine Patterson, can carry on conversations in sign language about her feelings and plans.
Researcher Talks Back
Recently a Columbia University scientist caused an argument by challenging the conclusion that apes can in fact use language. The scientist, Dr. Herbert Terrace, thinks that the animals do not use language the way humans do. Dr. Terrace has caused such strong feelings among scientists studying ape language. Here let’s listen to an imaginary conversation between Washoe, the first chimp to learn sign language, and Koko, the gorilla.
Apes Are Talking
Koko: Did you hear what Dr. Terrace said about us? He claims we cannot create our own sentences. Instead, he says, we react to clues accidentally given by our trainer. He says we are like the famous horse Clever Hans. Hans was supposed to be able to solve arithmetic problems and then stamp out the answers with his hoof(蹄子).
If the horse was asked what two plus two was, he would stamp four times. Although the trainer did not realized it, says Dr. Terrace, the horse was picking up clues from the trainer as to when to stop stamping.
Washoe: I disagree with Dr. Terrace. My trainer, Dr. R. Allen Gardner and his wife, Beatrice, have seen me talking in sign language to other chimps.
Koko: I heard that Dr. Terrace became unimpressed with ape language after studying a chimp named Nim. Dr. Terrace found that Nim usually made signs only after being prompted (提示) by his trainer. Yet when children learn a language, they start using many words on their own. Nim usually did not do this. Even when Nim did use additional signs, he did not add any new information. The signs (words) were repeated over and over again.
Washoe: My trainer says that Nim wasn’t given much of a chance to act on his own. He had so many different trainers, he became confused. That is not the best way to get chimps to communicate.
Koko: I’ll never understand humans. But the big question is: Can we really use language?
Koko and Washoe (together): We’ll never tell.
How do scientists who study ape language respond to Dr. Herbert Terrace’ idea according to the 2nd part?
A. Enthusiastic. B. Confused. C. Angry. D. Sympathetic.
Which of the following is a match according to the passage?
A. Dr. Herbert Terrace and Koko. B. Dr. R. Allen Garners and Washoe.
C. Clever Hans and Sherman. D. Francine Patterson and Nim.
Dr. Herbert Terrace suspects that _________.
A. Nim added new information while using additional signs
B. Clever Hans picked up clues accidentally given by its trainer
C. Washoe didn’t pick up any clues from its trainer when talking
D. when a child learns a language, he starts using many words on his own
Which of the following is a fact according to the passage?
A. Nim had more than one trainer.
B. Apes can’t create their own language.
C. The apes are supposed to form sentences.
D. Clever Hans is supposed to solve math problems.
查看习题详情和答案>>Have you ever heard the story of the four-minute mile? For years people believed that it is impossible for a human being to 1 a mile in less than four minutes until Roger Banister proved it 2 in 1954.Within one year, 37 runners 3 the belief barrier.And the year after that, 300 other runners did the same thing.
What happens if you put an animal in a 4 ? Any animal, big or small, will swim its way through.What happens when someone, who does not know how to swim, falls in deep waters? You 5 .If an animal who has not learned swimming could 6 by swimming, why not you? Because you believe you will drown while the animal does not.
These 7 show the power of beliefs.There is no other more 8 force in directing human behavior than belief.Our beliefs have the power to 9 and to destroy.
In a way it is our beliefs that determine how much we’ll be able to 10 our potential.So pay attention to some of your 11 .Do you believe you are weak in mathematics? Do you believe that other people dislike you?Do you believe life is full of 12 ?
Belief is not 13 , however.It’s nothing but the generalization of a past incident.As a kid, if a dog bit you, you believed all dogs to be 14 .To change certain behavior, identify the beliefs associated with it.Change those beliefs and a new pattern is 15 created.
1.A.run B.walk C.swim D.jog
2.A.right B.wrong C.fake D.true
3.A.broke B.built C.faced D.lowered
4.A.cage B.desert C.forest D.pond
5.A.drown B.swim C.float D.sink
6.A.struggle B.escape C.drown D.leave
7.A.samples B.cases C.situations D.periods
8.A.terrible B.reasonable C.considerable D.powerful
9.A.damage B.provide C.create D.withdraw
10.A.discover B.realize C.show D.perform
11.A.problems B.beliefs C.possibilities D.subjects
12.A.surprises B.choices C.problems D.possibilities
13.A.beautiful B.changeable C.strong D.mysterious
14.A.safe B.rude C.merciless D.dangerous
15.A.occasionally B.immediately C.accidentally D.automatically
What is Math Anxiety?
Math anxiety or fear of math is actually quite common. Math anxiety is quite 1 to stage-fright. Why does someone suffer 2 ? Fear of something going wrong in front of a crowd? Fear of 3 the lines? Fear of being judged 4 ? Fear of going completely blank? Math anxiety conjures(使现出) up fear of some type. The fear that one won't be able to do the 5 or the fear that it's too hard or the fear of failure which often stems(起因于) from having a lack of 6 . For the most part, math anxiety is the 7 about doing the math right, our minds draw a 8 and we think we'll fail and of course the more frustrated and anxious our minds become, the 9 the chance for drawing blanks. Added pressure of having time limits on math tests and exams also cause the levels of anxiety grow for many students.
Where Does Math Anxiety Come From?
Usually math anxiety stems from 10 experiences in mathematics. Typically math phobias have had math presented in such a fashion that it led to limited understanding. Unfortunately, math anxiety is often 11 poor teaching and poor experiences in math which typically leads to math 12 . Many of the students I've encountered with math anxiety have demonstrated an over reliance on procedures in math as opposed to actually understanding the math. When one tries to memorize procedures, rules and routines without much 13 , the math is quickly forgotten and 14 soon sets in. Think about your experiences with one concept --- the division of fractions(小部分). You probably learned about reciprocals(倒数) and inverses. In other words, 'It's not yours to reason why, just invert(反转) and multiply'(乘). Well, you memorized the rule and it 15 . Why does it work? Do you really understand why it works? Did anyone every use pizzas or math manipulative(巧妙处理的) to show you why it works? If 16 , you simply memorized the procedure and that was that. Think of math as memorizing all the procedures -- 17 if you forget a few? Therefore, with this type of strategy, a good 18 will help, but, what if you don’t have a good memory. Understanding the math is critical. Once students 19 they can do the math, the whole notion of math anxiety can be overcome. Teachers and parents have an important 20 to ensure students understand the math being presented to them.
( ) 1. A. different B. similar C. far D. familiar
( ) 2. A. speech B. performance C. threatens D. stage-fright
( ) 3. A. understanding B. memorizing C. forgetting D. reading
( ) 4. A. poorly B. crazily C. well D. publicly
( ) 5. A. Chinese B. math C. English D. physics
( ) 6. A. wish B. conscience C. determination D. confidence
( ) 7. A. fear B. joy C. pleasure D. doubt
( ) 8. A .failure B. choice C. blank D. death
( ) 9. A. further B. greater C. less D. smaller
( ) 10. A. unpleasant B. unfair C. pleasant D. successful
( ) 11. A. because B. thanks to C. resulting in D. due to
( ) 12. A. fear B. anxiety C. failure D. misunderstanding
( ) 13. A. forgetting B. use C. understanding D. knowledge
( ) 14. A. panic B. excitement C. disappointment D. encouragement
( ) 15. A. opens B. works C. starts D. runs
( ) 16. A. so B. possible C. not D. any
( ) 17. A. Where B. Why C. When D. What
( ) 18. A. memory B. method C. brain D. body
( ) 19. A. fill B. realize C. confirm D. recognize
( ) 20. A. task B. aim C. appointment D. role
查看习题详情和答案>>完形填空 (共20小题;每小题l分,满分20分)
请认真阅读下面短文,从短文后各题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中,选出最佳选项,并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
My husband and I went into a shop that sold handcrafted items in hopes of finding a few last-minute Christmas gifts.
There was a lot 36 . Every shelf and 37 was loaded with different crafters' handiwork. As I walked through the store, I noticed a wooden plaque(瓷花金属板) hanging on a wall. I turned to take 38 look and remember shaking my head "yes" at 39 printed on the plaque.
"Life isn't about waiting for the 40 to pass," the plaque proclaimed(宣布). "It's about learning to dance in the rain."
As I pulled my husband over and directed his attention to the plaque, I could see that he too 41 the simple lesson the plaque shared. How often in our daily lives had we put conditions on our 42 ? When we get the house paid off, then we can be happy. When things settle down with the kids, then we'll be able to do more together. There is so little joy for the here and now in the uncertainties of the 43 and thens.
Looking at the plaque, I found myself 44 to a hot and muggy day the summer before, when I unknowingly 45 the plaque's message. Light rain continued to fall as I walked out to get my mail. Water was still running 46 through the gutters(屋顶檐槽). I don't know what came over me, 47 I suddenly felt forced to do something a little crazy 48 my fifty-plus years.
I 49 my shoes and stockings and began walking barefoot through the water. It was deliciously 50 , heated by the pavement that had been 51 by the summer heat.
I'm sure my neighbors thought that I had 52 my last vestige of sanity(神智健全), but I didn't care. For in that moment, I was alive. I wasn't worried about bills, the future or any other day-to-day cares. I was 53 a gift — a pure and simple moment of joy!
The plaque now hangs in my living room, a Christmas gift from my husband. I walk past it multiple times each day and 54 pause to ask myself, "So, am I 55 in the rain?"
I think I am. I know I try to. One step at a time, I am learning to dance in the rain!
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短文填词 (共10小题,每空1分,满分10分)
I’m writing to tell you my imagination about life in the future.
No one can tell exactly what kind of life will be a__________ of
___________
us. But I can ____________ (宣布) with certainty that life will
___________
be m___________ easier. I’m sure there will be more educational
___________
programs on the radio or TV. So children will get _____________
___________
at home w_____________ going to school every day. Besides, most
___________
of us will have videophones at home through __________ we can
___________
have a medical exam or do some _________ (购物) at home. Meanwhile,
___________
we’ll have robots to _______ (帮助) us in doing housework, allowing
___________
us more time to enjoy life. With the development of ___________ (科学)
___________
researches, ordinary people may soon be able to spend their holidays
in space and a great __________ of people may live in space or undersea.
__________
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