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阅读理解
阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项(A、B、C和D)中，选出一个最佳选项。
For some time past, it has been widely accepted that babies-and other creatures-learn to do things because certain acts lead to “rewards”, and there is no reason to doubt that this is ture. But it used also to be widely believed that effective rewards, at least in the early time, had to be directly connected to such basic physiological “drives” as thirst or hunger. In other words, a baby would learn if he got food or drink or some sort of physical comfort, not otherwise.
It is now clear that this is not so. Babies will learn to behave in ways that produce results in the world with no reward except success in sight.
Papousek began his studies by using milk in the normal way to “reward” the babies and so teach them to carry out some simple movements, such as turning the head to one side or the other. Then he noticed that a baby who had had enough to drink would refuse the milk but would still go on making the learned response (回答) with clear signs of pleasure. So he began to study the children's responses in situations where no milk was provided. He quickly found that children as young as four months would learn to turn their heads to right or left if the movement “turned on” some lights-and indeed that they were able to learn some more turns to bring about this result, for example, two left or two right, or even to make as many as three turns to one side.
Papousek's light experiment was placed directly in front of the babies and he made the interesting observation that sometimes they would not turn back to watch the light closely although they would “smile and speak” when the light was on. Papousek concluded that it was not the sight of the lights which pleased them. It was the success they were achieving in solving the problem, in mastering the skill, and then there is a basic human nature to make sense of the world and bring it under control.
1．According to the writer, babies learn to do things that ________.
[ ]
A．will satisfy their surprise
B．will meet their physical needs
C．are directly connected to pleasure
D．will bring them a feeling of success
2．Papousek noticed in his studies that a baby would ________.
[ ]
A．make learned responses when it saw the milk
B．continue the simple movements without being given milk
C．turn its head to right or left when it had enough to drink
D．carry out learned movements when it had enough to drink
3．In Papousek's experiment babies make learned movements of the head in order to ________.
[ ]
A．be praised
B．please their parents
C．be rewarded with milk
D．have the lights turned on
4．The babies would “smile and speak” at the lights because ________.
[ ]
A．they succeeded in “turning on” the lights
B．the sight of lights was interesting
C．they need not turn back to watch the lights
D．the lights were directly connected to some basic “drives”
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阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，然后从以下各题所给的四个选项(A、B、C和D)中，选出最佳选项。
For some time past it has been widely accepted that babies learn to do things because certain acts lead to “rewards”(报偿); and there is no reason to 1 that this is true. But it used also to be 2 believed that effective rewards, at least in the early stages, had to be directly connected to such basic physiological (生理的)“drives”as thirst or 3 .In other words, a baby would learn 4 he got food or drink or some sort of physical comfort, not otherwise.
It is now clear that this is not so. Babies will learn to act in ways that 5 results in the world with no reward except the successful result.
Papousek began his studies by using 6 in the normal way to “reward” the babies and so 7 them to carry out some 8 movements, such as turning the 9 to one side or the other. Then he noticed that a baby who had had enough to 10 would refuse the milk but would 11 go on making the learned response (反应) with clear 12 of pleasure. So he began to 13 the children's responses in 14 where no milk was provided. He quickly found that children as young as four months would learn to turn their heads to right or left if the movement “turned on” 15 
and indeed that they were able to learn quite complex(复杂的)turns to bring about this 16 , for instance, two left or two right, or 17 to make as many as three turns to one side. Sometimes they would not turn back to watch the lights closely.
Papousek 18 that it was rat mainly the sight of the lights that 19 them, it was the success they were achieving in 20 the problem, and that there exists a basic desire to understand and control the world.
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阅读下列文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳答案。
For some time past it has been widely accepted that babies and other creatures learn to do things because certain acts lead to “rewards”, and there is no reason to doubt that this is true. But it used also to be widely believed that effective rewards, at least in the early stages. had to be directly related to such basic physiological “drives” (生理动力) as thirst or hunger. In other words, a baby would learn if he got food or drink or some sort of physical comfort, not otherwise.
It is now clear that this is not so. Babies will learn to behave in ways that produce results in the world with no reward except the successful outcome (result).
Papousek began his studies by using milk in the normal way to “reward” the babies and so teach them to carry out some simple movements, such as turning the head to one side or the other. Then he noticed that a baby who had had enough to drink would refuse the milk but would still go on making the learned response (反应) with clear signs of pleasure. So he began to study the children's responses in situations where no milk was provided. He quickly found that children as young as four months would learn to turn their heads to right or left if the movement “switched on”, a display (显示) of lights. and indeed that they were capable of learning ( were able to learn) quite complex (复杂的) turns to bring about this result, for instance, two left or two right, or even to make as many as three turns to one side.
Papousek's light display was placed directly in front of the babies and he made the interesting observation that sometimes they would not turn back to watch the lights closely although they would smile or bubble (格格地笑) when the display came on. Papousek concluded that it was not primarily (mainly) the sight of the lights which pleased them, it was the success they were achieving in solving the problem, in mastering the skill, and that there exists a fundamental ( basic) human urge (强烈欲望) to make sense of ( understand ) the world and bring it under intentional(有识的) control.
1．According to the author, babies learn to do things which ________.
A. will satisfy their curiosity
B. will meet their physical needs
C. are directly related to pleasure (are connected with pleasure)
D. will bring them a feeling of success
2．Papousek noticed that in his studies that a baby ________.
A. would make learned responses when it saw the milk
B. would continue the simple movements without being given milk
C. would turn its head to right or left when it had enough to drink
D. would carry out learned movements when it had drunk enough milk
3．In Papousek's experiment babies make learned movements of the head in order to ________.
A. be praised
B. please their parents
C. be rewarded with milk
D. have the lights turned on
4．The babies would “smile and bubble” because ________.
A. they succeeded in “switching on” the lights
B. the sight of the lights was interesting
C. they need not turn back to watch the lights
D. the lights were directly rented to some basic “drive”
5．According to Papousek, the pleasure babies get in achieving something is a reflection of ________.
A. the satisfaction of certain physiological needs
B. their strong desire to solve complex problems
C. a basic human desire to understand and control the world
D. a fundamental human urge to show off their learned skills
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阅读理解
阅读下列文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳答案。
For some time past it has been widely accepted that babies and other creatures learn to do things because certain acts lead to “rewards”, and there is no reason to doubt that this is true. But it used also to be widely believed that effective rewards, at least in the early stages. had to be directly related to such basic physiological “drives” (生理动力) as thirst or hunger. In other words, a baby would learn if he got food or drink or some sort of physical comfort, not otherwise.
It is now clear that this is not so. Babies will learn to behave in ways that produce results in the world with no reward except the successful outcome (result).
Papousek began his studies by using milk in the normal way to “reward” the babies and so teach them to carry out some simple movements, such as turning the head to one side or the other. Then he noticed that a baby who had had enough to drink would refuse the milk but would still go on making the learned response (反应) with clear signs of pleasure. So he began to study the children's responses in situations where no milk was provided. He quickly found that children as young as four months would learn to turn their heads to right or left if the movement “switched on”, a display (显示) of lights. and indeed that they were capable of learning ( were able to learn) quite complex (复杂的) turns to bring about this result, for instance, two left or two right, or even to make as many as three turns to one side.
Papousek's light display was placed directly in front of the babies and he made the interesting observation that sometimes they would not turn back to watch the lights closely although they would smile or bubble (格格地笑) when the display came on. Papousek concluded that it was not primarily (mainly) the sight of the lights which pleased them, it was the success they were achieving in solving the problem, in mastering the skill, and that there exists a fundamental ( basic) human urge (强烈欲望) to make sense of ( understand ) the world and bring it under intentional(有识的) control.
1．According to the author, babies learn to do things which ________.
A. will satisfy their curiosity
B. will meet their physical needs
C. are directly related to pleasure (are connected with pleasure)
D. will bring them a feeling of success
2．Papousek noticed that in his studies that a baby ________.
A. would make learned responses when it saw the milk
B. would continue the simple movements without being given milk
C. would turn its head to right or left when it had enough to drink
D. would carry out learned movements when it had drunk enough milk
3．In Papousek's experiment babies make learned movements of the head in order to ________.
A. be praised
B. please their parents
C. be rewarded with milk
D. have the lights turned on
4．The babies would “smile and bubble” because ________.
A. they succeeded in “switching on” the lights
B. the sight of the lights was interesting
C. they need not turn back to watch the lights
D. the lights were directly rented to some basic “drive”
5．According to Papousek, the pleasure babies get in achieving something is a reflection of ________.
A. the satisfaction of certain physiological needs
B. their strong desire to solve complex problems
C. a basic human desire to understand and control the world
D. a fundamental human urge to show off their learned skills
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