摘要: My brother is playing soccer. 例四:现在完成时(Present Perfective Aspect) 最后.我们来看现在完成时,一般来说它有三种用法: 1) 表示一个已经发生但对现在情况有影响的动作: e.g.: He has gone to town. 2) 表示从过去某时这段时间发生的事, e.g.: We have learned 800 words this term. 3) 表示一个由过去某时的动作状态. e.g. I have lived here for four years. 无论哪种用法.其基点时间都是“现在 (now).而且动作特点为阶段性.持续性.在时间轴上我们用实弧线箭头表示.而且该弧线有起点.可以理解为它是一条表示时间的实线段.如图: 同时.用实线段表示完成时.更有利于理解:为什么在表示某一动作的持续性时,我们不用非延续性动词.而用相应的延续性动词?因为完成体的动作特点为阶段性.持续性.它所体现的时间只能用段时间来表示.而不能用点时间来表示. 如:come/go-be, borrow/lend-keep等.e.g. 1) Tom has come here for three days. 应改为: Tom has been here for three days. 2) I have borrowed the book for three months. 应改为:I have kept the book for three months. 以上四种基本的现在时态.为了便于从总体上来比较.理解这四种现在时态.我们把这四种时态所在的时间轴放在一起.如下图: 综合上述四条时间轴.不难看出这四种时态的共同点:现在时态的基点时间都是“现在 (Now).它们的动作都与现在时间有关.这一点刚好与前面所提到过的“两时 中的“现在时 相吻合. 过去时态(Past Tense) 掌握好上述四种现在时态以后.我们就很容易理解另外四种过去时态.事实上.每一种过去时态都与一种现在时态相对应.只是他们的基点时间不同.动作所发生的时间也不同.然而每一种过去时态和与之相对应的现在时态之间还是有一定的联系的:事实上.我们只需将现在时态中每一种时态的基点时间“现在 (Now)改为相应的“过去 时间(Ago).就可以得到相应的过去时态: ① 一般现在时 → 一般过去时 ② 现在进行时 → 过去进行时 ③ 一般(现在)将来时 → 过去将来时 ④ 现在完成时 → 过去完成时 如果我们用时间轴来表示这一关系.则更容易理解:在时间轴上.我们只需借用数学中的平移方法.将四种现在时态的箭头图标分别向左平移一个单位时间.即由“现在 (Now)基点平移到“过去 (Ago)基点.其它的图标位置都不变.这样我们就可以得到以过去时间(Ago)为基点时间的过去时态.具体图形变化如下: 上述时间的平移实际上就是把现在的时间改为过去的时间.这一平移过程为我们理解.记忆各种时态的构成提供了一定的启示和帮助:由于现在时态的动作的基点时间是“现在 (Now).因此我们可以总结出:现在时态构成中的第一动词用动词的原形.即:V-原.(当主语为第三人称单数时.第一动词用相应的单数形式.即:V-s),同样.由于过去时态的动作的基点时间是“过去 (Ago).所以过去时态的构成中第一动词应该用动词的过去式.即:V- ed. 简而言之.我们只需将现在时态中第一动词由原形改为相应的过去式.就得到了过去时态的构成! 如此一来.我们只要熟练掌握了四种现在时态的用法和构成.那么其余四种过去时态就很容易理解和记忆了:只需将现在时态中的第一动词改为相应的过去式即可. 下面试举几例予以说明: e.g. Tom his room at the time yesterday <1> 分析:我们先看看一个与此句相似的更简单的句子: Tom his room now. <2 > 对于句<2>. 我们很容易理解.从now便可知道该句是现在进行时.所以横线处应该填:is cleaning.然后再比较句<1>和句<2>.句<1>中有at the time yesterday.从at the time 可以知道句<1>是进行体,而从yesterday则可以推出句<1>是过去时态,再根据时间轴.我们只需将句<2>中的第一动词“is 改为相应的过去式“was .就得到了句<1>的正确答案:was cleaning. eg.2. I never been to Shanghai by now. <1> I never been to Shanghai by the end of 2001. <2 > 分析:句<1>和句<2>结构很相似.只是具体动作所体现的时间不同:by now和by the end of 2001.句<1>中by now很容易理解.为现在完成时.所以用动词的原形have.句<2>中2001是表示“过去 (ago)的一个时间.而by the end of 2001则是表示截止到2001年底之前的一段时间.即“过去 .所以它应该是过去时态.根据上述时间轴的特点.我们只需将句<1>中的第一动词改为过去式had.即可. 时态(一) 时态是表示行为.动作和状态在各种时间条件下的动词形式.因此.当我们说时态结构的时候.指的是相应时态下的动词形式. 英语时态分为16种:一般现在.一般过去.一般将来.过去将来时.以及这四者的进行时.完成时和完成进行时.在这里.我们重点讲解一下最常见的11种时态的用法和注意事项.

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Linda Evans was my best friend—like the sister I never had. We did everything together: piano lessons, movies, swimming, horseback riding.

When I was 13, my family moved away. Linda and I kept in touch through letters, and we saw each other on special time—like my wedding (婚礼) and Linda’s. Soon we were busy with children and moving to new homes, and we wrote less often. One day a card that I sent came back, stamped “Address (地址) Unknown. ” I had no idea how to find Linda.

Over the years, I missed Linda very much. I wanted to share (分享) happiness of my children and then grandchildren. And I needed to share my sadness when my brother and then mother died. There was an empty place in my heart that only a friend like Linda could fill.

One day I was reading a newspaper when I noticed a photo of a young woman who looked very much like Linda and whose last name was Wagman — Linda’s married name. “There must be thousands of Wagmans,” I thought, but I still wrote to her.

She called as soon as she got my letter. “Mrs Tobin!” she said excitedly, “Linda Evans Wagman is my mother. ”

Minutes later I heard a voice that I knew very much, even after 40 years, laughed and cried and caught up on each other’s lives. Now the empty place in my heart is filled. And there’s one thing that Linda and I know for sure: We won’t lose each other again!

1.The writer went to piano lessons with Linda Evans _______.

A.at the age of 13                         B.before she got married

C.after they moved to new homes            D.before the writer’s family moved away

2.They didn’t often write to each other because they _______.

A.got married                            B.had little time to do so

C.didn’t like writing letters                 D.could see each other on special time

3.There was an empty place in the writer’s heart be­cause she _______.

A.was in trouble

B.didn’t know Linda’s address

C.received the card that she sent

D.didn’t have a friend like Linda to share her happi­ness or sadness

4.They haven’t kept in touch _______.

A.for about 40 years                      B.for about 27 years

C.since they got married                   D.since the writer’s family moved away

 

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When I walked into the house after school, the first thing I noticed was a box with items I recognized from my dad’s office.
“What are you doing home already?” I asked casually.[来源:学科网ZXXK]
“Andrew, I was laid off today.” he answered quietly.
I was sure he was joking. “No, you weren’t. Why are you really home?”
Then I noticed his seriousness and realized he was telling the truth. My father has always been a hard worker and prided himself on his career. Providing for our family has been his joy, and I guess I had taken his work for granted.
My father’s unemployment created many changes in our lives. For starters, he was home all the time, which meant my bed had to be made, my room cleaned up, and my homework done right after school. I would come home every day to find him at the computer searching for jobs. I began to notice how down he seemed, and how losing his job had affected his self-esteem, though he tried to be optimistic. For the first time, I saw my dad as vulnerable. He asked my brother and me to spend less. I gave up my allowance, which even though it wasn’t much, felt like the right thing to do. I also found a part-time job.
After several difficult months of searching, my dad decided to go in a totally different direction. He explained that he never wanted to be laid off again, so he was going to start his own business. Day by day, I watched him build it, and I admired how much time and energy he expended.
One evening I asked if he needed help.
“Only if it doesn't interfere with school,” he said.
I showed up at his office the next afternoon, and most afternoons after that for two months. I always knew he was a hard worker, but watching him in action really impacted me. Although this was one of the worst experiences for our family, it taught me a lot about dealing with adversity. Now I know that through creative problem-solving, I can always find Plan B, ask for help, and take risks. What I have learned from my dad’s understanding of business and his work ethic are two of the most important lessons I will ever learn, and will be my foundations for success.
1. The author’s father stayed at home because ________.
A. he had to help with the author’s lesson
B. he had been unemployed by his company
C. heavy housework was waiting for him to do
D. he wanted the author know the truth?
2. What made the author know the truth?
A. The box from his dad’s office                         B. His father’s words
C. His father’s expression                                          D. Being informed by his family
3. The author’s attitude toward his father’s former job was ________.
A. unconcerned                      B. sympathy                 C. doubt                D. tolerance
4. By saying “Only if it doesn't interfere with school”, the author’s father seemed ________.
A. to refuse the author’s advice on the new business
B. to show his discontent with the author’s schoolwork
C. to have said yes to the author’s offer of help
D. to be looking forward to the author’s good behavior at school
5. It can be inferred from the text that ________.
A. the author’s father was more optimistic to stay at home
B. the author couldn’t put up with his dad’s own business
C. the author’s father offered little allowance to the author
D. the author benefited from his father on how to deal with adversity

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