There seems never to have been a civilization(文明) without toys, but when and how they developed is unknown. They probably came about just to give children something to do.

In the ancient world, as is today, most boys play with some kinds of toys and most girls with another. In societies where social roles are strictly determined, boys pattern their play after the activities of their fathers and girls after the tasks of their mothers. This is true because boys and girls are being prepared, even in play, to step into the roles and responsibilities of the adult world.

What is remarkable about the history of toys is not so much how they changed over the centuries but how much they have remained the same. It is the universality of toys about their development in all parts of the world and their continuing to the present that is amazing. In Egypt, the Americas, China, Japan and among the Arctic peoples, generally the same kinds of toys appeared. Nearly every civilization had dolls, little weapons, toy soldiers, tiny animals and vehicles.

Because toys can be generally regarded as a kind of art form, they have not been subject to (服从于) technological progress that characterizes inventions for adult use. The progress from the wheel to the oxcart to the automobile is a direct line of advancement. The progress from a rattle (拨浪鼓) used by a baby in 3,000 BC to one used by an infant today, however, is not characterized by inventiveness. Each rattle is the product of the artistic tastes of the times and subject to the limitations of materials then ready for use. (words: 285 ; time : 5ms)

1. The reason why the toys most boys play with are different from those that girls play with is that ________ .

A. their social roles are strictly determined

B. most boys would like to follow their fathers' jobs

C. boys like to play with their fathers while girls with their mothers

D. they like challenging activities.

2. "The universality of toys" lies in the fact that ________ .

A. technological advances have greatly improved the making of toys

B. the improvement of techniques in making toys depends on the efforts of universities

C. the exploration of the universe has led to the creation of new kinds of toys

D. the basic characteristics of toys are the same all over the world

3. Regarded as a kind of art form, toys ________.

A. follow a direct line of development

B. also greatly interest adults

C. are not characterized by progress in technology

D. show the pace of social progress

（C）篇

1. A。由原文第二段第二句可知。

2. D。根据文章第三段第一句和第三句可知,玩具的基本的特征变化不大。

3. C。由文章最后一段第一句可知,玩具作为一种艺术形式,不因科技变化而变化。

阅读下面的文字，完成下列各题。

梵  高

张  炜

我们终于谈到梵高了，神圣的梵高。在当代，他已经是不同艺术领域中的崇拜人物。他的作品在商人那儿已经化为金子，或者是远比金子还要昂贵十倍的珍奇。但是像他那样的心灵不仅用金钱无法沟通，就是用一般的艺术和精神也无法接近。他会在任何时候任何地点，拒绝那些流行的艺术热望者、大知音和中产阶级的高雅情调。因为他只是最平凡的人群中的一个灵魂，一个底层的感受者和传达者，一个不屈服者和抗争者，一个实践善良和使用决心的人。他是贫民的儿子，是他们痛苦而尖锐的眼睛。在这样的一双眼睛面前，我们往往只有在无可奈何的沉默中压住自己心底的惊叹才行。他的境界是高不可攀的，因为那是底层艺术家所守护的最后一道防线，也是权利。这其实也是人的防线与权利。梵高可以让我们明白，当一个人面对无情的外部世界时，顽强的精神会怎样迸溅出火花，直至燃烧为熊熊烈焰。

我走在慕尼黑、曼哈顿、巴黎等最著名的艺术博物馆里，在星光灿烂之中，在无法穷尽的艺术、不同时代不同流派的大荟萃面前，常常有一种无可逃匿的眩晕感。在跨越时空而来的多角度多层次、频繁急促和陡然有力的各种撞击之下，那根本来敏感的神经已经麻木疲萎。可是，几乎是无一例外，只要一走近梵高，一走近他的展出单元，立刻就会感到一片辉煌之光扑面而来。就这样，最昂扬的音乐陡然奏响。世界马上改变了，双眼睁大了，一切又重新开始了。

这是怎样神秘的力量，这力量又从何而来？

当然，一切只能源于他的这个生命。他的生命仍然在持续不断地发散----首先是从源头，从他执笔之时，从那一刻的怦怦心跳开始震动我们，使我们至今不能安宁。他眼中的一切原来与我们有巨大区别，就是这区别让我们双眼大睁、心上一凛。这区别当然是来自他的目光，它有强大的剥落和穿凿的力量：世界上的所有事物都被我们的眼睛蒙上了一层庸常的布幔，但这布幔在梵高那儿马上被刺破，或被抽揭一空。世界裸露了，本真显现了，所以他让我们看到的就是强烈的光，是逼人的颜色，是疾旋与燃烧，是轰响和炸裂，是呼叫和奔突......我们每个人本来都拥有这种直视的能力，不幸的是后来的生活给予我们每个人无尽的磨损，我们丧失了这种能力，而只有神奇的梵高保留了。

梵高做过教师、画店营业员、传教士、书店店员、画家。这些职业是那么不同，可是在梵高那儿并没有人们想像的那么大的差异。因为他以同样的心情去做，同样用力，同样真实。他赋予任何工作的，都仅仅是一份生命的虔诚。也正是由于这种对于工作的非同常人的理解，他差不多把每一样工作都给做“砸了”。最后是作画----他现在被公认为最伟大的画家之一，可是当时却被看成是最不成功的画家，几乎没有卖出过一幅作品。他没有一般专业人士看好的技法，简直没有受到什么正规的、更不要说是深入独到的专业训练了。他的画被看成可笑的涂抹，形式上一塌糊涂。那些直接而强悍的笔触、生猛可怖的画面，能够毫不费力地逼退那些艺术沙龙的宠儿。其实比起梵高而言，许多人等于生活在温室中，他们没有经历真实的风雨阳光，当然也没有接受过催逼，没有倾听过号叫，没有接受过起码的人生打击。他们怎么具有理解梵高的能力呢？

真实的生活，底层的生活，有时候、许多时候都是刺目的。但是在漫长的人生旅途中，生活的真实面目还是要显现----最后总是要显现。这是一个顽强的规律。每到这个时刻，人们也就开始理解了梵高，只不过稍微晚了些。

梵高的艺术，像许多真正的艺术一样，是直到最后才被接受下来的。

他保留下了大量书信。人们阅读这些书信时，才知道他是多么热情、对生活多么挚爱的人。人们读得泪眼汪汪。其实他的画作已经再好不过地表达了这种热烈。他的巨大的慈爱并不需要直接说出，他的柔情也并不需要，因为他全部都画出来了。他正是为这种爱，而不是为这种艺术，交出了自己全部的生命。

——《远逝的风景》

文章指出梵高的“心灵不仅用金钱无法沟通，就是用一般的艺术和精神也无法接近”，为什么？尽量用文中的语言作答，不超过14个字。

文章第三自然段：“这是怎样神秘的力量”中“这”所指代的具体内容是什么？

画线的句子问：“这力量又从何而来？”文中除从总的方面回答：“源于他的这个生命”以外，还说了两个具体的答案，请用自己的话予以归纳。

下列对文章的理解有误的两项是：（     ）

    A．梵高的作品现在已经成为商人们以高价竞相购买的收藏品，而且成了商人们心中的无价之宝。

    B．梵高让我们明白了顽强的精神可以使人在面对无情的外部世界时迸溅出火花，以至成为熊熊燃烧的烈焰

    C．由于在慕尼黑等地的最著名的艺术博物馆里，艺术家众多，不同时代的艺术流派纷至沓来，使人常常有一种无可逃匿的眩晕感，故尔使作者对他们的作品产生了反感。

    D．梵高现在已被公认为最伟大的画家之一，但在梵高的一生中做过教师、画店营业员、传教士、书店店员、画家，均未达到成功的目的，虽然他如同做画那样以同样的心情去做，同样用力，同样真实。

    E．梵高的画以逼人的颜色，强烈的光，强悍的笔触，生猛可怖的画面，裸露、显现了世界的真实面目，逼退了当时艺术沙龙中的宠儿，因而遭到当时人们的否定。

第一节

听下面5段对话。每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。听完每段对话后，你将有10秒钟时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。每段对话仅读一遍。

1．Why can't Jack decide when to get married?

[　　]

A．He hasn't got enough money.

B．He doesn't like the house in the city.

C．They haven't found a suitable house.

2．What was the woman going to talk over with the manager?

[　　]

A．To go on hiring the house.

B．To discuss a problem.

C．To have the water pipe repaired.

3．Why did the woman go to the States?

[　　]

A．To do some business.

B．To go sightseeing.

D．To visit some friends.

4．What is true according to the conversation?

[　　]

A．Mr Green hasn't bought a new house.

B．Mr Green is busy painting his new house.

C．The Greens are getting ready to move in.

5．What did the woman want the man to do?

[　　]

A．To buy the pet dog some food.

B．To take care of the dog.

C．To find a place for the pet dog.

第二节

听下面5小段对话或独白。每段对话或独白后有几个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。听每段对话或独白前，你将有时间阅读各个小题，每小题5秒钟；听完后，各小题将给出5秒钟的作答时间。每段对话或独白读两遍。

听第6段材料，回答第6、7小题。

6．Why is the boy feeling sorry?

[　　]

A．He couldn't get a copy of the magazine the girl wants.

B．He wants to read the magazine very much.

C．He has lost the girl's magazine.

7．What is true according to what you hear?

[　　]

A．The girl needs the magazine very much.

B．The girl has already read the magazine.

C．The girl wants her magazine back.

听第7段材料，回答第8、9小题。

8．What is the man going to Edinburgh for?

[　　]

9．Where does the conversation take place?

[　　]

听第8段材料，回答第10～12小题。

10．What does “off – colour” mean in this conversation?

[　　]

A．It means “colours run”.

B．It means that someone doesn't feel well.

C．It means “colourless”.

11．How did the patient feel this morning?

[　　]

A．He felt as bad as last night.

B．He felt better than last night.

C．He felt worse than last night.

12．What is the patient's temperature?

[　　]

听第9段材料，回答第13～16小题。

13．Where are the speakers?

[　　]

14．Which bus are they waiting for?

[　　]

15．What's the weather like?

[　　]

16．When should the bus come?

[　　]

听第10段材料，回答第17～20小题。

17．When did the speaker get up every day in the past?

[　　]

18．What did the speaker have to do early every morning?

[　　]

A．Cleaned the bathroom.

B．Fed the chickens.

C．Helped his sister get dressed.

19．Why didn't the speaker and his sister go to school by bus?

[　　]

A．There was no bus running in the direction.

B．The school was quite near.

C．Their family was poor.

20．What did the speaker usually do on Sunday?

[　　]

A．Played in the street.

B．Stayed at home all day.

C．Went to church three times.

第一节

听下面5段对话。每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。听完每段对话后，你将有10秒钟时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。每段对话仅读一遍。

1．What does the woman's answer mean?

[　　]

2．What time did Julie leave?

[　　]

3．What is the man going to do?

[　　]

A．He wants the woman to fix his watch.

B．He will call her when the watch is fixed.

C．He wants her to fix the watch in one week.

4．What will the woman do for the man?

[　　]

A．She has a pencil and paper for him.

B．She has enough notes for both of them.

C．They will be friends after class.

5．What does the man suggest to the woman?

[　　]

第二节

听下面6小段对话或独白。每段对话或独白后有几个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。听每段对话或独白前，你将有时间阅读各个小题，每小题5秒钟；听完后，各小题给出5秒钟的作答时间。每段对话或对独白读两遍。

听第6段材料，回答第6、7小题。

6．Where does this conversation probably take place?

[　　]

7．What's wrong with the woman?

[　　]

A．She missed the way to her hotel.

B．She forgot her hotel's name.

C．She couldn't find a taxi.

听第7段材料，回答第8、9小题。

8．What is the most probable relation between the two speakers?

[　　]

9．Where does the conversation take place?

[　　]

听第8段材料，回答第10～12小题。

10．What does the man need?

[　　]

11．When will the man leave home?

[　　]

12．What does the man want the driver to do?

[　　]

听第9段材料，回答第13－15小题。

13．Why does the woman not like spring in this city?

[　　]

A．Because it is very hot.

B．Because it seldom rains.

C．Because it is seldom sunny.

14．Which of the following does the woman not like?

[　　]

A．Taking a bus to work.

B．Having a rest on the beach.

C．Climbing mountains.

15．Why does the man like climbing mountains?

[　　]

A．Because he does not have to take a bus to work.

B．Because he can enjoy the beautiful scenery.

C．Because he never feels exhausted.

听第10段材料，回答第16～18小题。

16．Who was George?

[　　]

A．He was an American visitor.

B．He was a Londoner.

C．He was a hotel manager.

17．How much does the doctor usually charge his patients?

[　　]

A．￡ 2 for the first visit, and ￡ 1 for later visits.

B．￡ 2 for the first visit , and ￡ 1.50 for later visits.

C．￡ 1.50 for the first visit, and ￡ 1 for later visits.

18．What do we know at the end of the story?

[　　]

A．George got some good medicine from the doctor.

B．George managed to save 50p.

C．The doctor knew that he had never seen George before.

听第11段材料，回答第19、20小题。

19．How long has Paul Newman played in movies?

[　　]

20．When did he start his business?

[　　]