While parents, particularly mothers, have always been attached to their infants (婴儿), societal conditions frequently made this attachment difficult to maintain (保持). First of all, the high infant death rate in the premodern times meant that such attachments often ended in hopelessness. Perhaps to prevent the sadness that infant death caused, a number of societal practices developed which worked against early attachment of mother and child.

    One of these premodern attachment-discouraging practices was to leave infants unnamed until they had survived into the second year. Another practice that discouraged maternal (母亲的) attachment was tightly wrapping (包裹) infants. Wrapping effectively prevented the close physical interactions like stroking (抚摸) and kissing that are so much a part of modern mothers' and fathers' affection for their infants.

    A third practice which had the same distancing effect was wet-nursing. Breast-feeding (母乳哺育) was not popular among the well-to-do in the early modern times; infants were often fed by wet nurses hired for the purpose. In some places, such as nineteenth-century France, city infants were sent to wet nurses in the country. Often a wet nurse would feed her own child first, leaving little milk for the city infant—who, in many cases, died. In Rouen, the death rate for children sent to a wet nurse was 35 percent.

68. Babies were unnamed until they were two so that _______.

    A. an old social custom could be kept up        B. maternal attachment could be maintained

    C. they could have better chances to survive   D. their parents would not be too sad if they died

69. Why were babies wrapped?

    A. To protect them from the cold.          B. To distance their mothers from them.

    C. To make them feel more comfortable. D. To make it easy for their mothers to hold them.

70. Wet nurses were women who________.

    A. babysat city infants                           B. fed babies of other families

    C. sent their babies to the country           D. failed to look after their babies

71. Which is the best title for the passage?

    A. Societal Conditions in Premodern Times

    B. Practices of Reducing Maternal Attachment

    C. Poor Health Service and High Infant Death Rate

    D. Differences between Modem and Premodern Parents

While my father was an officer of the British army in South Africa, we lived in a ___1___ house. One ___2___ my father and sister and  I were sitting together. He was ___3___ the window. I suddenly ___4___ that he was turning very pale. I sat ___5___, for I did not want to __6__ my sick sister. Soon father said in a ___7___ voice, “Kate and Joan, a friend of mine is ___8___ here to see me this evening, and I wish to be ___9___ him. Will you go up to your own room?” We ___10___, went to our room and closed the door.

Soon I heard a ___11___ like that of a door burst in, and then a climb of feet. They were hurrying ___12___ the narrow stairs. Fearing that there was ___13___ near, I seized the pistol(手枪) on the table. Then I heard my father cry out, "For God’s sake(快!), child, ___14___ the door. " I did so. To my horror(恐怖), I saw, ___15___ my father’s shoulder, a gorilla(大猩猩), the worst enemy of the soldier in ___16___. He was ___17___ my father. I raised the pistol and fired. The animal fell backwards with ___18___ loud cry. Father took the ___19___ smoking pistol from my hand, and fired another shot, which ___20___ the gorilla.

It happened that father had ___21___ us upstairs because he thought he would be able to ___22___ the door ––– which was twenty feet away –––___23___ the animal reached it. However, the gorilla was too ___24___ for him; and this was the cause of the ___25___ flight(逃跑) up the stairs.

1. A. two-storeyed  B. two storeyed      C. two-storeys D. two storeys

2. A. o’clock  B. night   C. evening      D. time

3. A. towards  B. opposite     C. inside  D. behind

4. A. knew     B. learned       C. felt     D. noticed

5. A. still B. lonely C. sadly   D. unhappily

6. A. hurt       B. frighten      C. lose    D. trouble

7. A. loud       B. sad     C. calm   D. pleasant

8. A. moving  B. staying       C. running      D. coming

9. A. friendly to     B. alone with  C. helpful to   D. careful with

10. A. promised     B. trembled    C. obeyed       D. replied

11. A. sound   B. cry     C. voice  D. shout

12. A. to B. down  C. through      D. up

13. A. some difficulty    B. a thief C. some danger      D. an accident

14. A. open    B. close   C. pull    D. draw

15. A. on B. above  C. over    D. from

16. A. South America    B. Africa C. South Asia  D. Europe

17. A. aiming at     B. marching towards C. shooting at      D. running after

18. A. an exciting   B. a calm C. an angry     D. a natural

19. A. still      B. yet      C. even   D. already

20. A. hit       B. murdered   C. frightened  D. killed

21. A. taken    B. sent    C. driven D. forced

22. A. push     B. lock    C. guard  D. defend

23. A. until     B. when  C. before D. though

24. A. quick   B. huge   C. heavy  D. stupid

25. A. anxious       B. fearless      C. excited       D. hurried

While attending a conference, I returned to my hotel room late one rainy evening．The overhead light outside my door was   36  and I had difficulty finding the keyhole．When I finally  37   to open the door, I  38    around the wall for a light switch．I found a  39   where a switch was once installed… but no switch．

No discouraged easily, I remembered seeing a   40   by the bed when I put away my luggage   41   in the day．I found the bed in the dark and felt around until I found the lamp, but when I switched it on,   42   happened! Now what?

Though I knew that it was dark outside my window   43   the outdoor light was burned out, I thought that   44    if I opened the curtains I might be able to use the light from the   45   to find another lamp．So I   46    my way slowly across the room to the curtains and… no draw-string!

I finally stumbled（跌跌撞撞） around until I found a desk lamp that actually   47  ! That evening I discovered in a whole new way just how dark the world can be and how necessary   48   is．

But even more necessary than   49   light is the light that shines from people — the light of love, sympathy and   50  ．Because, for many people, the world is a dark and   51   place．

It is the shining that is important, for someone today just may be stumbling in discouragement or fear and in   52  of some light．

So let your light shine．Whatever light you  53  may be a beacon（灯塔）of hope and encouragement in someone’s darkness．And if you feel that your light is   54   a candle in a forest, remember this — there isn’t enough darkness in the world to   55   the light of one small candle．

A．burning      B．broken         C．shining    D．smooth

A．managed      B．attempted        C．succeeded D．meant

A．touched       B．turned          C．felt        D．looked

A．light          B．plate            C．lamp        D．signal

A．lamp          B．switch          C．desk        D．window

A．later          B．earlier          C．sooner      D．first

A．something     B．everything       C．nothing     D．anything

A．when          B．unless           C．since        D．although

A．certainly     B．surely           C．absolutely D．perhaps

A．star           B．street         C．room     D．shop

A．forced         B．struggled       C．made     D．pushed

A．worked        B．failed           C．did        D．closed

A．love          B．thinking         C．dream       D．light

A．spiritual       B．physical         C．mental      D．inner

A．faith          B．soul            C．help        D．attention

A．mixed         B．fancy         C．lonely       D．complicated

A．lack           B．need            C．favor       D．face

A．devote         B．receive          C．offer        D．throw

A．only          B．even            C．ever      D．much

A．give out       B．leave out        C．take out    D．put out

Until 1954 it was thought that no man could run one mile in less than four minutes.  As years 36  ,the record came closer and closer to four minutes and Roger Bannister, a young English    37   ,began to believe be might   38  this almost magic barrier.

It was a cold afternoon on May 6th, 1954 , when Bannister knew be had a   39  chance.  Bannister had been   40  hard and was very fit, but the weather conditions were a real  41  to him.  Describing the   42   later, Bannister said,“On the way to the track the wind blew strongly.  As I  43  for the start I glanced at the flag.  It moved  44  now.  This was the moment when I made my decision. ”

“The gun fired.  My legs  45  to meet no resistance, as if I was  46  forward by some unknown force.  The noise from the faithful  47  gave me greater strength.  I felt the  48  of a lifetimes had come. ”

“I was driven on by a   49  of fear and pride.  My body had long since used up all its energy   50  it went on running just the same.  This was the critical moment when my legs were strong enough to carry me over the last few yards as they  51  could have done in previous years.  When I leapt at（冲向）the    52  tape, I fell, almost    53  .

“I knew I had done it, even before I  54  the time.  The announcement came.  ‘Result of the one mile…Time, three minutes…’the test was  55 in the noise of excitement. ”

36. A. passed along       B. passed down    C. went by            D. went over

37. A. coach                        B. athlete              C. captain             D. judge

38. A. defeat                       B. move               C. beat                 D. break

39. A. real                          B. lucky               C. serious             D. false

40. A. competing          B. training            C. fighting            D. attending

41. A. eagerness           B. pleasure            C. relief                D. worry

42. A. accident             B. event                C. issue                D. topic

43. A. did up                       B. made up           C. put up              D. lined up

44. A. safely                       B. heavily             C. thinly               D. gently

45. A. seemed              B. used                        C. happened              D. had

46. A. dragged             B. drawn              C. pulled             D. pushed

47. A. mass                 B. residents           C. crowd             D. team

48. A. moment                    B. period              C. while              D. date

49. A. concentration      B. collection                C. combination      D. classification

50. A. so                     B. but                     C. or                       D. as

51. A. never                B. ever                C. even                 D. still

52. A. starting             B. lasting             C. finishing           D. running

53. A. unconcerned       B. unconscious      C. unknown                 D. unnoticed

54. A. offered                     B. told                  C. announced        D. beard

55. A. stuck                 B. involved           C. lost                  D. spread

While attending a conference, I returned to my hotel room late one evening. The overhead light outside my door was burned out and I had  1  finding the keyhole. When I  2  to open the door, I  3  around the wall for a light switch. I found a plate where a switch was  4  installed... but no switch! 

Not discouraged easily, I remembered  5  a lamp by the bed when I deposited my luggage  6  in the day. I found the bed in the  7  and then the lamp, but when I switched it on, nothing  8 ! I thought that perhaps if I opened the curtains I might be able to use whatever light comes in from the  9  to find another lamp. So I  10  my way slowly across the room to the curtains and... no drawstring! I finally stumbled（跌跌撞撞地走）around  11  I found a desk lamp which actually  12 !

That evening I discovered in a whole new way just how dark the world  13  be and how   necessary light is! But even more necessary than  14  light is the light that shines from people --the light of  15  and faith. Because, for many people, the world is a dark and  16  place. For someone today just may be stumbling in discouragement or sadness or fear and in  17   of some light. So let your light shine. Whatever light you  18  may be a beacon of hope and encouragement. And if you feel that your light is  19  a candle in a forest remember -- there isn’t enough darkness in all the world to  20  the light of one small candle.

1. A. confidence        B. respect             C. adimiration      D. difficulty

2. A. managed             B. failed              C. wished             D. meant

3. A. touched               B. felt                  C. sensed             D. looked

4. A. already                   B. never               C. still                D. once

5. A. equiping             B. producing        C. spotting           D. removing

6. A. later                   B. earlier             C. lower              D. upper

7. A. light              B. dark               C. room               D. corner

8. A. happened            B. operated          C. fired               D. developed

9. A. machine              B. street               C. room              D. car

10. A. wound              B. forced             C. made               D. lost

11. A. after                  B. until                    C. while                      D. since

12. A. helped               B. affected                 C. worked            D. inspired

13. A. can                   B. shall                    C. will                D. must

14. A. mental              B. psychological     C. electrical         D. physical

15. A. existence           B. love                       C. truth               D. wisdom

16. A. lonely               B. colourful          C. friendly            D. complex

17. A. short                B. favour            C. face                D. need

18. A. make                       B. offer                   C. take                D. contribute

19. A. not more than    B. other than        C. no more than    D. rather than

20. A. put out              B. give out           C. get over                 D. set up