阅读理解

阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。

　　Do students learn from programmed instruction? The research leaves us in no doubt of this. They do, indeed, learn. Many kinds of student learn-college, high school, secondary, primary, preschool, adult, professional, skilled labor, clerical employees, military, deaf, retarded, imprisoned－every kind of student that programs have been tried on. Using programs, these students are able to learn mathematics and science at different levels, foreign languages, English language correctness, spelling, electronics, computer science, psychology, statistics, business skills, reading skills, instrument flying rules, and many other subjects. The limits of the topics which can be studied efficiently by means of programs are not yet known.

　　For each of the kinds of subject matter and the kinds of students mentioned above, experiments have demonstrated that a considerable amount of learning can be derived from programs; this learning has been measured either by comparing pre-and post-tests or the time and trials needed to reach a set criterion of performance. But the question, how well do students learn from programs as compared to how well they learn from other kinds of instruction , we cannot answer quite so confidently.

　　Experimental psychologists typically do not take very seriously the evaluative experiments in which learning from programs is compared with learning from conventional teaching. Such experiments are doubtless useful, they say, for school administrators or teachers to prove to themselves (or their boards of education) that programs work. But whereas one can describe fairly well the characteristics of a program, can one describe the characteristics of a classroom teaching situation so that the result of the comparison will have any generality? What kind of teacher is being compared to what kind of program? Furthermore, these early evaluative experiments with programs are likely to suffer from the Hawthorne effect: that is to say, students are in the spot-light when testing something new, and are challenged to do well. It is very hard to make allowance for this effect. Therefore, the evaluative tests may be useful administratively, say many of the experimenters, but do not contribute much to science, and should properly be kept for private use.

　　These objections are will taken. And yet, do they justify us in ignoring the evaluative studies? The great strength of a program is that it permits the student to learn efficiently by himself. Is it not therefore important to know how much and what kind of skill’s concepts, insights, or attitudes he can learn by himself from a program as compared to what he can learn from a teacher? Admittedly, this is a very difficult and complex research problem, but that should not keep us from trying to solve it.

1．Of the following, the most appropriate title for the passage would be ________.

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A．The History of programmed Learning Devices

B．How to Use Programmed Teaching Machines in the Classroom

C．How Effective Is programmed Instruction

D．Subjects We Can Teach Ourselves Through Programmed Learning

2．According to the passage, experimental psychologists typically view the results of experiments comparing programmed instruction to conventional teaching methods with ________.

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3．The author’s main purpose is to point out that programmed instruction ________.

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A．deserves further investigation

B．is a superior method of teaching

C．comes in a variety of forms

D．is criticized by educators

4．According to the passage, which of the following experimental variables is most difficult to evaluate in experiments comparing programmed instruction to classroom teaching?

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A．Variability among students.

B．Variability among types of programmed methods.

C．Variability among classroom teaching.

D．Variability among school administrators.