I keep hammering this because I keep seeing people who don’t do it.
1. Look up English to Elvish.
2. Look up the Elvish word in the best Elvish dictionary you have, and, preferably, find out the context（上下文） in Tolkien’s language dictionary.
3. Change the word to suit rules of grammar: singular or plural, mutations, verb tenses, etc.
You cannot leave out any of these steps. If you do, you’re almost certain to have errors. Why you have to do step 2:
Languages never match up one- to-one. English and Elvish are closer than usual, but there are still problems. And English has strange idioms: why are there no baths or beds in public bathrooms or restrooms? You can’t translate literally（逐字地）. You have to understand the meaning behind each word.
In Elvish this is even more true, since our dictionaries contain more or less questionable reconstructions, and words that Tolkien later threw away or replaced. Find the best one you can.
Consider the word “fair”. We tend to use it to mean “just”. Tolkien tends to use it to mean “beautiful”. In Elvish, these are two entirely different words. So when you look up “fair”, you’ll have to go to the Elvish dictionary to see that you’ve got the right one.
Consider the nightmare（噩梦）of He left the bar. Is “left” the opposite of “right” （which also has two meanings） ? Is “bar” extruded steel（型材钢）, or something to do with law? You have to know what words mean in both languages.
And you’d be amazed at how many people ignore step 3, forgetting that language is more than a string of words, and there are rules about how to fit those words together. You can’t simply look up the word “I” and use it everywhere. Sometimes you need “me” or “my”. There’s a reason it takes a while to learn a language: you have to learn the rules.
It drives me completely mad when people give a questionable translation they insist is right because “it’s in the dictionary”. A dictionary is a tool, a resource. but its entries（词目）should not be mistaken for a finished product. They are raw materials.
【小题1】The underlined word “this” in paragraph 1 refers to         .

A．consulting the dictionaries when translating between languages

B．finding out the true meaning in context

C．ignoring the rules of grammar

D．leaving out some of the three steps the author mentions

The market is a concept. If you are growing tomatoes in your backyard for sale you are producing for the market. You might sell some to your neighbor and some to the local manager of the supermarket. But in either case, you are producing for the market. Your efforts are being directed by the market. If people stop buying tomatoes, you will stop producing them.

If you take care of a sick person to earn money, you are producing for the market. If your father is a steel worker or a truck driver or a doctor or a grocer, he is producing goods or service for the market.

When you spend your income, you are buying things from the market. You may spend money in stores, supermarkets, gas stations and restaurants. Still you are buying from the market. When the local grocer hires you to drive the delivery truck, he is buying your labor in the labor market.

The market may be something abstract (抽象的). But for each person or business that is making and selling something, it is very concrete. If nobody buys your tomatoes, it won’t be long before you get the message. The market is telling you something. It is telling you that you are using energies and resources in doing something the market doesn’t want you to do.

Which of the following would be the best title of the passage?

A. Selling and Buying.               B. Everything you do is producing for the market.

C. What is the market?               D. What the market can do for you.

All of the following acts are producing for the market except________.

A. working in a bank                         B. attending a night school

C. driving a taxi                   D. growing beans for sale

You are buying from the market when you________.

A. borrow a book from the library       B. drive to the seaside for a holiday

C. look after your children           D. dine at restaurant

The word “concrete” in the last paragraph may most probably mean________.

A. serious             B. important              C. necessary         D. real

Whenever I recall my childhood, there is one thing I remember clearly. My father used his   36 to let my mother   37  her parents who lived far away. There was just my younger brother and myself in the   38 . One evening, our father came home and there was no   39 , not even a piece of bread. My father had no money and he was as   40  as we were. My brother and I went to bed without having anything.
  41  I knew from the expressions on my father’s face that he could not   42  us be hungry for long. He left the house, and about two hours later he   43  and woke us up. He had two small potato pies in his hands. I didn’t know where he got the money for the food but somehow he   44  to find a way. It was clear that he wanted to get his children   45  .
My father did not eat and had   46  all day but he sat there and felt   47  at seeing us eat. This has always stuck in my   48 . At that moment, I felt   49  knowing that he tried his best not to let us   50 , and he wanted us to know he was always there with us.
In   51  times, I think, it is important not to   52  weakness but strength.   53  the mother is the cement(黏合剂)that   54  a family together, then the father is the steel that strengthens that cement.
It is his values and   55  that have carried me forward and helped me deal with my own problems in life.

Below is a web page from Google.

1.When was the environmental symbol of Beijing Olympics made public?

A.On January 23,2005.

B.On September 24,2005.

C.On February 5,2007.

D.On March 11,2007.

2.Which of the following websites is designed for young researchers interested in the Olympics?

A.Environment

B.Green Olympics Forum In Beijing 2004

C.Olympic Games Quizzes and Olympic Games Trivia

D.OFFICIAL WEBSITE OF THE OLYMPIC MOVEMENT

3.Which website provides a complete list of the winners in the Olympic Games?

A.Olympic—Modern Olympic Games

B.Green Olympics Forum In Beijing 2004

C.Environmental Symbol of Beijing Olympics—‘Green Olympics’

D.Ancient Olympic Heritage and Modern Olympic Games in Athens 2004

4.What do we learn from the above web page?

A.Beijing has made efforts to improve its air quality.

B.The Olympic torch relay route has not been planned.

C.The Olympic flags will be on display in Athens.

D.A quiz on the Olympics will be held in Beijing.