阅读下列文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳答案。

For some time past it has been widely accepted that babies and other creatures learn to do things because certain acts lead to “rewards”, and there is no reason to doubt that this is true. But it used also to be widely believed that effective rewards, at least in the early stages. had to be directly related to such basic physiological “drives” (生理动力) as thirst or hunger. In other words, a baby would learn if he got food or drink or some sort of physical comfort, not otherwise.

    It is now clear that this is not so. Babies will learn to behave in ways that produce results in the world with no reward except the successful outcome (result).

    Papousek began his studies by using milk in the normal way to “reward” the babies and so teach them to carry out some simple movements, such as turning the head to one side or the other. Then he noticed that a baby who had had enough to drink would refuse the milk but would still go on making the learned response (反应) with clear signs of pleasure. So he began to study the children's responses in situations where no milk was provided. He quickly found that children as young as four months would learn to turn their heads to right or left if the movement “switched on”, a display (显示) of lights. and indeed that they were capable of learning ( were able to learn) quite complex (复杂的) turns to bring about this result, for instance, two left or two right, or even to make as many as three turns to one side.

    Papousek's light display was placed directly in front of the babies and he made the interesting observation that sometimes they would not turn back to watch the lights closely although they would smile or bubble (格格地笑) when the display came on. Papousek concluded that it was not primarily (mainly) the sight of the lights which pleased them, it was the success they were achieving in solving the problem, in mastering the skill, and that there exists a fundamental ( basic) human urge (强烈欲望) to make sense of ( understand ) the world and bring it under intentional(有识的) control.

1．According to the author, babies learn to do things which ________.

    A. will satisfy their curiosity

    B. will meet their physical needs

    C. are directly related to pleasure (are connected with pleasure)

    D. will bring them a feeling of success

2．Papousek noticed that in his studies that a baby ________.

    A. would make learned responses when it saw the milk

    B. would continue the simple movements without being given milk

    C. would turn its head to right or left when it had enough to drink

    D. would carry out learned movements when it had drunk enough milk

3．In Papousek's experiment babies make learned movements of the head in order to ________.

    A. be praised

    B. please their parents

    C. be rewarded with milk

    D. have the lights turned on

4．The babies would “smile and bubble” because ________.

    A. they succeeded in “switching on” the lights

    B. the sight of the lights was interesting

    C. they need not turn back to watch the lights

    D. the lights were directly rented to some basic “drive”

5．According to Papousek, the pleasure babies get in achieving something is a reflection of ________.

    A. the satisfaction of certain physiological needs

    B. their strong desire to solve complex problems

    C. a basic human desire to understand and control the world

D. a fundamental human urge to show off their learned skills

阅读理解

阅读下列文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳答案。

For some time past it has been widely accepted that babies and other creatures learn to do things because certain acts lead to “rewards”, and there is no reason to doubt that this is true. But it used also to be widely believed that effective rewards, at least in the early stages. had to be directly related to such basic physiological “drives” (生理动力) as thirst or hunger. In other words, a baby would learn if he got food or drink or some sort of physical comfort, not otherwise.

    It is now clear that this is not so. Babies will learn to behave in ways that produce results in the world with no reward except the successful outcome (result).

    Papousek began his studies by using milk in the normal way to “reward” the babies and so teach them to carry out some simple movements, such as turning the head to one side or the other. Then he noticed that a baby who had had enough to drink would refuse the milk but would still go on making the learned response (反应) with clear signs of pleasure. So he began to study the children's responses in situations where no milk was provided. He quickly found that children as young as four months would learn to turn their heads to right or left if the movement “switched on”, a display (显示) of lights. and indeed that they were capable of learning ( were able to learn) quite complex (复杂的) turns to bring about this result, for instance, two left or two right, or even to make as many as three turns to one side.

    Papousek's light display was placed directly in front of the babies and he made the interesting observation that sometimes they would not turn back to watch the lights closely although they would smile or bubble (格格地笑) when the display came on. Papousek concluded that it was not primarily (mainly) the sight of the lights which pleased them, it was the success they were achieving in solving the problem, in mastering the skill, and that there exists a fundamental ( basic) human urge (强烈欲望) to make sense of ( understand ) the world and bring it under intentional(有识的) control.

1．According to the author, babies learn to do things which ________.

    A. will satisfy their curiosity

    B. will meet their physical needs

    C. are directly related to pleasure (are connected with pleasure)

    D. will bring them a feeling of success

2．Papousek noticed that in his studies that a baby ________.

    A. would make learned responses when it saw the milk

    B. would continue the simple movements without being given milk

    C. would turn its head to right or left when it had enough to drink

    D. would carry out learned movements when it had drunk enough milk

3．In Papousek's experiment babies make learned movements of the head in order to ________.

    A. be praised

    B. please their parents

    C. be rewarded with milk

    D. have the lights turned on

4．The babies would “smile and bubble” because ________.

    A. they succeeded in “switching on” the lights

    B. the sight of the lights was interesting

    C. they need not turn back to watch the lights

    D. the lights were directly rented to some basic “drive”

5．According to Papousek, the pleasure babies get in achieving something is a reflection of ________.

    A. the satisfaction of certain physiological needs

    B. their strong desire to solve complex problems

    C. a basic human desire to understand and control the world

D. a fundamental human urge to show off their learned skills

How to Teach a Child Respect

As a child grows out of being an infant（婴儿）and begins to notice and react to the world around them, you may find yourself wondering how you possibly pass all of the things that they need to become a responsible, respectful adult.   1  A child who learns to respect all he meets not only receives respect from others in kind, but learns to respect himself as well.

Instructions

★1 Show your child respect. This is perhaps the best way to teach your child how to respect others. Listen to your child by giving her your full attention and she will learn to listen to you, understanding how important this is in relationships.

★2   2  The more you say "please" and "thank you" to your child, the more likely he will learn to use them with you and others. Politeness then becomes a normal part of any conversation.

★3 Agree to disagree.  3 Explain your decision so that she will understand your reasoning and expect respectful responses. Disagreeing with you aren’t equal to disobedience.

★4 Control your impulse to overreact. When a situation arises between you and your child that requires calmness, keep in mind that you are supposed to be modeling correct behavior.  4 

★5 Praise, praise, praise! So much is focused on what a child does wrong and how to correct it that the accomplishments are not celebrated enough.   5 

A．Teach manners by using polite requests and responses.

B．Try to remember that a child won’t always agree with you.

C．Respect is necessary for a meaningful and successful life.

D．If he sees you lose your temper, he is more likely to respond that way in future.

E．A child may act like he pleases, but will respect being given limits.

F．When you see you child exhibit respectful behavior, make sure he knows just how proud you are of him.

G．Signs such as sudden poor performance in school, behaviors like fears and threats accompany behavior problems in children.

How to Teach a Child Respect
As a child grows out of being an infant（婴儿）and begins to notice and react to the world around them, you may find yourself wondering how you possibly pass all of the things that they need to become a responsible, respectful adult.   【小题1】  A child who learns to respect all he meets not only receives respect from others in kind, but learns to respect himself as well.
Instructions
★1 Show your child respect. This is perhaps the best way to teach your child how to respect others. Listen to your child by giving her your full attention and she will learn to listen to you, understanding how important this is in relationships.
★2   【小题2】 The more you say "please" and "thank you" to your child, the more likely he will learn to use them with you and others. Politeness then becomes a normal part of any conversation.
★3 Agree to disagree.【小题3】 Explain your decision so that she will understand your reasoning and expect respectful responses. Disagreeing with you aren’t equal to disobedience.
★4 Control your impulse to overreact. When a situation arises between you and your child that requires calmness, keep in mind that you are supposed to be modeling correct behavior.  【小题4】 
★5 Praise, praise, praise! So much is focused on what a child does wrong and how to correct it that the accomplishments are not celebrated enough.   【小题5】 

People have wondered for a long time how their personalities and behaviors are formed. It is not easy to explain why one person is intelligent and another is not, or why one is cooperative and another is competitive.

Social scientists are, of course, extremely interested in these types of questions. They want to explain why we possess certain characteristics and exhibit certain behaviors. There are no clear answers yet, but two distinct schools of thought on the matter have developed. As one might expect, the two approaches are very different from each other. The controversy is often conveniently referred to as “nature or nurture（养育）”.

Those who support the “nature” side of the conflict believe that our personalities and behavior patterns are largely determined by biological factors. That our environment has little, if anything, to do with our abilities, characteristics and behavior is central to this theory.

Taken to an extreme, this theory maintains that our behavior is pre – determined to such a great degree that we are almost completely governed by our instincts（本能）.

                                     , that is, they advocate education, are often called behaviorists. They claim that our environment is more important than our biologically – based instincts in determining how we will act. A behaviorist, B. F. Skinner, sees humans as beings whose behavior is almost completely shaped by their surroundings. The behaviorists maintain that, like machines, humans respond to environmental stimuli（刺激）as the basis of their behavior.

Let us examine the different explanations about one human characteristic, intelligence, offered by the two theories. Supporters of the “nature” theory insist that we are born with a certain capacity for learning that is biologically determined. Needless to say, they don’t believe that factors in the environment have much influence on what is basically a predetermined characteristic. On the other hand，behaviorists argue that our intelligence levels are the product of our experiences. Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development.

1．What is the best title of the passage? （Please answer within 10 words.）

2．Which sentence in the passage can be replaced by the following one?

However, those who support the “nurture” theory maintain that it is people’s experiences that determine how clever they are.

3．Please fill in the blank in the 5th paragraph with proper words or phrases to complete the sentence.（Please answer within 10 words）

4．Are you one the “nature” side or on the “nurture” side? Why? （Please answer within 30 words.）

5．Translate the underlined sentence in the first paragraph into Chinese.