摘要：核心介词用法归纳与辨析 (1)表示时间的介词in的用法如下. 表示在某一较长时间内.如世纪.年.月.季.周等一般用介词in. 如:in the 1990s, in the year, in January, in(the) winter / summer / fall / spring, in the first week of May. 还可以用时段名词组成固定短语或词组.如:in a while, in no time, in the daytime, in a short while, in time, in the morning .但要注意: ①at night / at noon, in the day,in the night. ②in five days中in意思是“在--以后 . ③in和during表一段时间内两词可互用.如:in the night, during the night, in the war, during the war.但略有区别:当接表示“活动 的抽象名词时多用during.接“活动 的动名词及短语时用in.如: during the discussion in discussing the problem during her stay in Hubei in playing basketball during the course of in digging the tunnel (2)在具体的某一天或某天上午.晚上.前夕.常用on. on Sunday(s).on Tuesday morning on Christmas Day,on Christmas Eve, on Children’s Day on March 8, on the morning of Oct.1 early on the morning of Oct.1(区别:in the late / early morning of Oct.1) on a rainy night, on warm winter days (3)表示某一时刻或某一点时间用at,如小时.分钟等. at breakfast,at six at noon (sunrise, sunset, midday, night, midnight, dawn) at the age of 15, at the time of war,但in time of danger/ trouble. 注意:有些时间名词前不接介词.如: next day.last Sunday.that morning.these years one.each.any.every.some.all修饰时,一般不用介词,如some day one day.yesterday / afternoon,the night before (4)till.until.to的用法. ①till与持续动词连用一般用于肯定句中.与短暂动词连用一般用在否定句中.如: He waited for me till twelve o’clock. He didn’t get up till 10 a.m.. 但注意:在句首出现或强调句型中一般不用till而用until.如: Not until 9 a.m.did Mr.Smith come back to school. ②to表“终结 时常用和from连用.但要注意不与from连用时的意 义.如:from July to September, from six toeight.但from morning till night.不能用to.from - to常构成习惯搭配.不可换用其他介词.(A)表持久连续.传递.转移的含义.from time to time.from day to day ,from hand to hand.from place to place.from side to side.from door to door.from house to house.from shop to shop.(B)表起始终止的全过程或程度加深.状态变化.from beginning to end(from the beginning to the end of-);from hand to mouth.from bad to worse.from head to foot, from top to bottom.from top to toe.from start to finish.(C)from one + 名词 + to another表示“依次 .如from one car to another名词 + by + 同一单数名词.表示“一个一个地 .要与from - to短语区别开:one by one 一个一个地,little by little(bit)一点一点地,step by step 一步一步地.逐渐地,sentence by sentence逐句地,day by day一天一天地,side by side并肩.一起,shoulder to shoulder肩并肩地.齐心协力,hand in hand 手拉手.紧紧地;face to face面对面. (5)in.after.later ①in + 一段时间:表示说话时为起点一段时间之后.与一般将来时连用,但表示“在--之内 时.用于各种时态. ②一段时间 + later:表示某一具体时间或某一方面具体时间算起的一段时间后. ③after + 一段时间表示:“在--之后 .用于一般过去时,但时间为点时间时.只能用after,即after + 点时间.用于各种时态. The doctor will be with us in six minutes. She graduated in 1981,and eight years later she became the manager of the factory. He received her letter after four weeks. 另外.in + 一段时间 + ’s + time 与 within + 一段时间的用法如下: in a week’s time = in a week They will arrive in three days’ time. My brother’s birthday is in two weeks’ time. I’ll finish the book within two weeks.(within = in less than-用于各种时态.不超出.在--之内) (6)地点介词at.on.in.to.across.through.over.under.below. ①at 在较小的场所.in在较大的场所.on在--的平面上.如at the door.at the airport.at the station.at 55 Park Street.in China.in the north.in Asia.on the desk.on the wall等. ②on.at.in还可以表示两地相对位置.若A地属于B地.用in;A地位于B地的外面且有边缘衔接用on,无边缘的衔接有to.如: Japan lies to the east of China. Taiwan lies in the southeast of China. Hunan province lies on the west of Hubei province. The island lies off the coast of China. ③地点介词的引申.比喻意义:in the sun在阳光下.in the dark在黑暗中.in the dark不知道.in freezing weather在严寒天气中.in the mud在泥中.in the earth在地下,in the desert在沙漠中,in a heavy rain 在大雨中.in the snow / wind在雪/风中,in public 当众.in trouble 在困境中.get into trouble陷入困境.out of trouble摆脱困难.beyond hope绝望. ④across在物体表面“穿过 ,through则表示在三维空间内部“穿过 .如: They walked across the playground. I walked through the forest. ⑤over / under / above / below. over.above译作“在--之上 ,under.below译作“在--的下面 .其区别在于over.under表示一种直接的.垂直的上下关系,而above.below则表示一般的“高于 或“低于 .不一定是垂直“在上 或“在下 .如: A little boat is now under the bridge. There is a bridge over the river. The sun sinks below the horizon The window is well above the tree. ⑥表示地点介词的静态性和动态性 He walked to the station(静态.表示方向和目的地) He walked towards the station. He is kind to us. He is at the station. They arrived at the station. He swam away from the ship. He stood away from the shop. He fell onto the floor. The city is on the Changjiang River. Go off the road.偏离了道路 Come along the river.沿着河过来(线) across the fields 跨过田野--.over the desert跨越沙漠 across the river横跨这条河--.over the hill翻过这座山 be in the housestay out of the car go into the housefly out of the country (7)表示方式.手段.工具的介词 ①by the year/hour/day按年/小时/天.如He rent a house by the year.但to the pound按磅算.to the ton按吨计. ②表泛指的方式.手段 by post/mail邮寄.by telephone,但on the phone/on the radio/on TV.by electricity用电.by machinery用电器.by hard work,learn sth.by heart,through the satellite,through practice,through his own efforts,through experience,through the telescop ③交通工具类 by bus/train/car/taxi by bike/bicycle,on horse back/on foot by plane/jet/spaceship,by air by ship/boat/lifeboat,by sea/by water 另外:by means of 用--方法.by way of 经由.取道于.用--方法.with the help of sb./with sb.’s help (permis- sion). ④表方式.手段的其他用法 He beat the dog with a whip. One smells with his nose.(with+人体器官.但by hand“手工.用手 ) He stood up with pride.(with+情绪.情感.态度的名词) 注意:使用语言.材料.文字等用in.如in English.另外如:in high spirits,in anger,in joy,in comfort,in sorrow,in safety,in danger,in need,in debt,in love,in fun,in pain,in tears,in surprise,in goodhealth,in good order,in flower,in a way,in a low voice,in silence,insatisfaction,in a hurry,inwords,live/feed on food,kneel on one’s knee,takesb.by surprise (8)表示“除--之外 的几组常用介绍比较. ①besides 除--以外..作副词时意思是“而且.更何况 . Well all went to the cinema besides Shaw.除了肖外.我们都去了电影院. It was too late to see a film, and besides, I was tired. ②except除去.除--之外. We all went except John.我们都去了.约翰没有. 在否定句中.两词可以换用.如: He has no other hats except / besides this one. ③except for除了--(对句子主题进行细节校正或附加说明)后接名词.代词或what从句.此时与except that + 句子意思相同. He was very clever except for carelessness. ④except that - 除了--一点以外. He has not changed except that he is wearing dark glasses. ⑤but与except but和except在表示“除了--以外 时可以通用.但应注意以下三点: ①前面有不定人词.疑问代词在意义上对称时.多用but. All but one are here. Nobody but I likes making model ships. ②后接不定式短语为排除对象时.多用but. He has nothing to do but wait. ③but与一些固定结构连用. have no choice but to do sth.只得做某事.can not but do sth.不得不,can not help but do sth.不得不--.but for - 如不是-- (9)between与among. between通常指两者之间.也可以用于三者以上的两者之间.如: Ann is between Tom and Bill. Switzer land lies between France, Germany, Australia and Italy. They soon finished the work between themselves. She was busy between cooking, washing, sewing and looking after the baby.(表示接连不断地.一个接一个地忙这忙那) A horse can be seen between trees now. among表示三者以上之间.如: The story is said to have happened in a village among the hills. He was happy to be among friends again. We must agree among ourselves.我们必须达成共识. London is among the largest cities.( = one of与最高级连用) (10)表原因的介词for.because of.due to. He didn’t come to the meeting because of his illness. The reason for his coming late is that he was ill. He was praised for his bravery and courage. The accident is due to your careless driving. (11)不定式复合结构中的for.of. 这里所说的不定式复合结构形式指的是for 或of加上人或事.作动词不定式逻辑主语的结构. ①It is clever of you to answer it like that. ②It is quite hard for me to explain why. 注意:两句中的of和for的使用.表语形容词能够说明不定式逻辑主语的性质.特征与面貌时用of,如果说明不定式行为本身的性质.状态等则用for. (12)兼作连词和副词的介词. ①after.since.till / still.before这些词既是介词.又是连词. The children went home at once after school. They went to bed after they had finished the job. ②in.on.along.down.up.after.before.along.beyond等介词可兼作副词. He ran down the hill. Can you lift that box down from the shelf for me ? ③有的介词可以兼作连词和副词. All the students got to school before me. We do want to buy something now before prices go up. Haven’t I seen you before? (13)介词的省略. ①表示时间的介词on.at .in的省略.在next.last.yesterday.tomorrow.each.one.any.every.all等词之前.可以省略.也可以不省略.如that day等. ②介词for表示时间的省略要求.(A)以all开头的名词短语.for要省略.如:I stayed with her all he morning.(B)表示一段时间的短语之前.for可以省略.也可以不省略.如:I have been waiting hereI (for) more than three hours.(C)否定句中.表示时间的短语前的for不能省略.如:I haven’t seen you for thirty years.(D)时间状语在主句之前.for不能省略.如:For the whole morning,the old man kept reading. ③某些动词短语之后的介词可以省略. Nothing can prevent medoing the job. She spent nearly two hours(in)translating it. (14)某些名词与介词构成的固定搭配. ①要求接to的名词有:key.answer.visit.entrance.apology.introduction.road等. ②要求接in 的名词有:interest.satisfaction.expert等. He is expert in teaching small children. (15)几个常用的并列连词. ①both - and, either - or, neither - nor both - and“双方都 .连接句子的两个主语时.其后谓语动词通常用使用复数形式.either - or与neither - nor注意采取“就近原则 . ②not only - but also, as well as 注意:两者强调对象不同.not only - but also强调的是but also之后部分.而as well as则强调其前面的部分.not only - but also采取“就近原则 .而as well as只是一个插入语.采取“就远原则 .如: Mr.Smith, as well as his wife and children, has come to Nanjing for a visit. not only - but also结构中的not only可用于句首.连接两个分句时.第一个从句主谓要倒装. Not only is he clever ,but also he is hard working. (16)几个常用的从属连词. ①when.while.as都表示“当--时候 .when引导的从句的动作与主句的动词可同时发生.也可先后发生,as.while引导的从句则强调主句和从句的动作同时发生.如: When I go to the station, the train had already left. He sang merrily as he was working. ②till.until均表示“到--时候止 .肯定句中的谓语必须是延续性动作.如:I worked till late at night.若主句谓语是终止性动词.则主句要用否定形式.意为动作“到--才-- 开始发生.如: She didn’t get up until her mother came in. 注意:till和until通常情况下可以互换.只是在句首时until比till更常用. ③though.although均引导让步状语从句.意为“虽然-- .although较正式.though最常用.如: Thouth he was tired,he kept on working. 注意:though.although引导的从句不能与but.however连用.但可以与yet.still连用.though还可以与别的词结合使用.如even though. as though,而although则不能这样搭配. ④no sooner - than.hardly - when.as soon as三者都表示“一--就 .“刚刚--就 的意思.(A)as soon as 置于主句前后都可以.而且有备各种时态.如:As soon as she gets here I’ll tell her about it. Mary left as soon as the finished the work.(B)hardly - when.no sooner - than不能表示将来的事.其主句的谓语动词一般用过去完成时.从句用过去时.若将hardly或no sooner放在句首.句子要倒装.如:No sooner had he arrived than he went away again. ⑤某些表示时间的名词也可用作从属连词.它们是:the moment, the minute,the instant, the day, the time, the firsttime, the spring (summer, autumn,winter),every(each,next, any) time(day),by the time,都可引导时间状语从句.如: His mother died the spring he returned. Call me up the minute he arrives.

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