Mars Was Not Always Bitterly Cold

Scientists at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech) have reported evidence that Mars was warmer and wetter long ago than it is today.  The Caltech scientists say they have directly established the temperature of Mars four billion years ago. At least, they established the surface temperature on part of the planet at that time. The researchers say it is the first such evidence to be discovered and presented.

The Caltech scientists say carbonate（碳酸盐） minerals formed on Mars at about eighteen degrees Celsius. They reached the finding after studying a meteorite（陨石） that had its beginnings near the Martian surface.

Today, the average temperature on Mars is sixty-three degrees below zero Celsius.

The finding was reported on the website of the National Academy of Sciences. Caltech Assistant Professor Woody Fischer helped to prepare the report. He says eighteen degrees Celsius is not especially cold or hot. He says this makes the finding extremely interesting. Knowing the temperature can give scientists an idea of the climate on Mars long ago. It can also help them decide whether the planet had liquid water. Spacecraft orbiting Mars have shown what appear to be rivers, lakebeds and mineral deposits. These pictures suggest that, at one time, water did flow there. Mars Rover vehicles and other spacecraft have confirmed the information.

Caltech Geology Professor John Eiler was another writer of the report. He says knowing the temperature of Mars from long ago provides valuable information. It shows that early in the planet's history, at least part of Mars could support a climate like that of Earth.

The meteorite the scientists examined is one of the oldest known rocks in the world. It is called the Allan Hills meteorite. Its name came from the place in Antarctica where it was found in 1984. The meteorite is believed to have blown loose from the Mars' surface when another space rock struck its "home."

1. The underlined word “establish” in Paragraph 1 probably means “___________”.

2.How did the scientists reach the finding?

3.According to the fourth paragraph, what have spacecraft orbiting Mars done?

4.How did Allan Hills meteorite get its name?

5. Where can we most probably read this passage?

How can you find out what is going on inside a person' s body without opening the patient up? Regular X-rays can show a lot. CAT scans can show even more. They can give three-dimensional(三维) view of body organs(器官).

What is a CAT scan? CAT stands for Computerized Axial Tomography(层面X线照相术). It is a special X-ray machine that gets a 360 - degree picture of a small area of a patient's body.

Doctors use X-rays to study and examine diseases and injuries within the body. X-rays can find foreign objects inside the body or to take pictures of some organs inside if special things as dyes or special liquids are added to the organs to be X-rayed.

A CAT scanner, however, uses a beam(光束) of X-rays to give a cross-sectional view of a particular part of the body. A fine beam of X-rays is scanned across the body and circled around the patient from many different angles(角度). A computer analyzes(分析) the information from each angle and produces a clear cross-sectional picture on the screen. This picture is then photographed for later use. Several cross-sections, taken one after another, can give a clear "photo" of the entire body or of any body organs. The newest CAT scanners can even give a clear picture of active, moving organs just as a fast-action camera can "stop the action" giving clear pictures of what appear only mistily(模糊) to the eye. And because of the 360 - degree pictures, CAT scans show 3-dimensional views of organs in a manner that was once only seen during surgery or autopsy (examining a dead body).

According to the first two paragraphs, doctors can see the inside of a patient's body by ______.

A. giving the patient an operation

B. checking body organs

C. getting a 360-degree picture of a small area of a patient's body

D. examining the CAT

From the last paragraph, we can infer that ______.

A. the newest pictures become more misty

B. many pictures can be taken at the same time

C. the information about the scanned patient is not highly valued

D. some pictures of the scanned parts of the body are developed for further examinations in the future

The best title of this passage might be ______.

A. Modern X-ray               B. Three-dimensional View

C. Fast - moving Camera       D. CAT Scan

Mars Was Not Always Bitterly Cold
Scientists at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech) have reported evidence that Mars was warmer and wetter long ago than it is today.  The Caltech scientists say they have directly established the temperature of Mars four billion years ago. At least, they established the surface temperature on part of the planet at that time. The researchers say it is the first such evidence to be discovered and presented.
The Caltech scientists say carbonate（碳酸盐） minerals formed on Mars at about eighteen degrees Celsius. They reached the finding after studying a meteorite（陨石） that had its beginnings near the Martian surface.
Today, the average temperature on Mars is sixty-three degrees below zero Celsius.
The finding was reported on the website of the National Academy of Sciences. Caltech Assistant Professor Woody Fischer helped to prepare the report. He says eighteen degrees Celsius is not especially cold or hot. He says this makes the finding extremely interesting. Knowing the temperature can give scientists an idea of the climate on Mars long ago. It can also help them decide whether the planet had liquid water. Spacecraft orbiting Mars have shown what appear to be rivers, lakebeds and mineral deposits. These pictures suggest that, at one time, water did flow there. Mars Rover vehicles and other spacecraft have confirmed the information.
Caltech Geology Professor John Eiler was another writer of the report. He says knowing the temperature of Mars from long ago provides valuable information. It shows that early in the planet's history, at least part of Mars could support a climate like that of Earth.
The meteorite the scientists examined is one of the oldest known rocks in the world. It is called the Allan Hills meteorite. Its name came from the place in Antarctica where it was found in 1984. The meteorite is believed to have blown loose from the Mars' surface when another space rock struck its "home."
【小题1】 The underlined word “establish” in Paragraph 1 probably means “___________”.

How can you find out what is going on inside a person' s body without opening the patient up? Regular X-rays can show a lot. CAT scans can show even more. They can give three-dimensional(三维) view of body organs(器官).

What is a CAT scan? CAT stands for Computerized Axial Tomography(层面X线照相术). It is a special X-ray machine that gets a 360 - degree picture of a small area of a patient's body.

Doctors use X-rays to study and examine diseases and injuries within the body. X-rays can find foreign objects inside the body or to take pictures of some organs inside if special things as dyes or special liquids are added to the organs to be X-rayed.

A CAT scanner, however, uses a beam(光束) of X-rays to give a cross-sectional view of a particular part of the body. A fine beam of X-rays is scanned across the body and circled around the patient from many different angles(角度). A computer analyzes(分析) the information from each angle and produces a clear cross-sectional picture on the screen. This picture is then photographed for later use. Several cross-sections, taken one after another, can give a clear "photo" of the entire body or of any body organs. The newest CAT scanners can even give a clear picture of active, moving organs just as a fast-action camera can "stop the action" giving clear pictures of what appear only mistily(模糊) to the eye. And because of the 360 - degree pictures, CAT scans show 3-dimensional views of organs in a manner that was once only seen during surgery or autopsy (examining a dead body).

69. According to the first two paragraphs, doctors can see the inside of a patient's body by ______.

A. giving the patient an operation

B. checking body organs

C. getting a 360-degree picture of a small area of a patient's body

D. examining the CAT

From the last paragraph, we can infer that ______.

A. the newest pictures become more misty

B. many pictures can be taken at the same time

C. the information about the scanned patient is not highly valued

D. some pictures of the scanned parts of the body are developed for further examinations in the future

The best title of this passage might be ______.

A. Modern X-ray               B. Three-dimensional View

C. Fast - moving Camera       D. CAT Scan

Mars Was Not Always Bitterly Cold
Scientists at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech) have reported evidence that Mars was warmer and wetter long ago than it is today.  The Caltech scientists say they have directly established the temperature of Mars four billion years ago. At least, they established the surface temperature on part of the planet at that time. The researchers say it is the first such evidence to be discovered and presented.
The Caltech scientists say carbonate（碳酸盐） minerals formed on Mars at about eighteen degrees Celsius. They reached the finding after studying a meteorite（陨石） that had its beginnings near the Martian surface.
Today, the average temperature on Mars is sixty-three degrees below zero Celsius.
The finding was reported on the website of the National Academy of Sciences. Caltech Assistant Professor Woody Fischer helped to prepare the report. He says eighteen degrees Celsius is not especially cold or hot. He says this makes the finding extremely interesting. Knowing the temperature can give scientists an idea of the climate on Mars long ago. It can also help them decide whether the planet had liquid water. Spacecraft orbiting Mars have shown what appear to be rivers, lakebeds and mineral deposits. These pictures suggest that, at one time, water did flow there. Mars Rover vehicles and other spacecraft have confirmed the information.
Caltech Geology Professor John Eiler was another writer of the report. He says knowing the temperature of Mars from long ago provides valuable information. It shows that early in the planet's history, at least part of Mars could support a climate like that of Earth.
The meteorite the scientists examined is one of the oldest known rocks in the world. It is called the Allan Hills meteorite. Its name came from the place in Antarctica where it was found in 1984. The meteorite is believed to have blown loose from the Mars' surface when another space rock struck its "home."

1. 1.

   The underlined word “establish” in Paragraph 1 probably means “______”

   1. A.
      to set up
   2. B.
      to make people accept a belief
   3. C.
      to discover or prove
   4. D.
      to start having a relationship with others
2. 2.

   How did the scientists reach the finding?

   1. A.
      By studying Allan Hills meteorite
   2. B.
      By using spacecraft orbiting Mars
   3. C.
      By studying minerals gathered on Mars
   4. D.
      By studying a meteorite on the Martian surface
3. 3.

   According to the fourth paragraph, what have spacecraft orbiting Mars done?

   1. A.
      Measuring the temperature of Mars
   2. B.
      Taking photos of the surface of Mars
   3. C.
      Confirming that there is water flowing on Mars
   4. D.
      Finding where human beings will probably land on Mars
4. 4.

   How did Allan Hills meteorite get its name?

   1. A.
      From its original place on Mars
   2. B.
      From where it was found on the earth
   3. C.
      From the name of the scientist who found it
   4. D.
      From the name of the aircraft that discovered it
5. 5.

   Where can we most probably read this passage?

   1. A.
      In a biography of scientists
   2. B.
      In a geography magazine
   3. C.
      In an environment report
   4. D.
      In a science report