阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，然后从36～55各题所给的A、 B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。

    Children model themselves largely on their parents. They do so mainly through identification. Children identify   36   a parent when they believe they have the qualities and feelings that are   37   of that parent. The things parents do and say---and the   38   they do and say to them--therefore strongly influence a child's   39  . However, parents must consistently behave like the type of   40   they want their child to become.

    A parent's actions   41   affect the self-image that a child forms   42   identification. Children who see mainly positive qualities in their   43   will likely learn to see themselves in a positive way. Children who observe chiefly   44   qualities in their parents will have difficulty   45   positive qualities in themselves. Children may   46   their self-image, however, as they become increasingly   47    by peers groups standards before they reach 13.

    Isolated(孤立的) events,   48   dramatic(突然的) ones, do not necessarily have a permanent   49   on a child's  behavior. Children interact such events according to their established attitudes and previous training. Children who know they are loved can,   50  , accept the divorce of their parents' or a parent's early   51  . But if children feel unloved, they may interpret such events   52   a sign of rejection or punishment.

    In the same way, all children are not influenced   53   by toys and games, reading matter, and television programs.   54   in the case of a dramatic change in family relations, the   55   of an activity or experience depends on how the child interprets it.

1.A. to                         B. with                                 C. around                                      D. for

2.A. informed            B. characteristic                C. conceived                       D. indicative

3.A. gesture              B. expression                   C. way                                  D. extent

4.A. behavior           B. words                              C. mood                               D. reactions

5.A. person                B. humans                           C. creatures                       D. adult

6.A. in turn                B. nevertheless                 C. also                                  D. as a result

7.A. before                B. besides                           C. with                                 D. through

8.A. eyes                    B. parents                           C. peers                               D. behaviors

9.A. negative           B. cheerful                          C. various                            D. complex

10.A. see                    B. seeing                             C. to see                              D. to seeing

11.A. modify              B. copy                                 C. give up                            D. continue

12.A. mature            B. influenced                      C. unique                             D. independent

13.A. not                    B. besides                           C. even                                 D. finally

14.A. idea                  B. wonder                           C. stamp                              D. effect

15.A. luckily               B. for example                   C. at most                           D. theoretically

16.A. death               B. rewards                          C. advice                              D. teaching

17.A. as                      B. being                               C. of                             D. for

18.A. even                 B. at all                                C. alike                                 D. as a whole

19.A. Even                 B. Since                                C. Right                                D. As

20.A. result               B. effect                               C. scale                                D. cause

Why are so many people so afraid of failure? Quite simply because no one tells us how to fail so that failure becomes an experience that will lead to growth. We forget that failure is part of the human condition and that every person has the right to fail.?

Most parents work hard at either preventing failure or protecting their children from the knowledge that they have failed. One way is to lower standards. A mother describes her child's hurriedly-made table as “perfect”!Even though it couldn't stand on uneven (not same in height) legs. Another way is to shift blame. If John fails in science, his teacher is unfair or stupid.?

The trouble with failure—prevention methods is that they leave a child unequipped for life in the real world. The young need to learn that no one can be best at everything, no one can win all the time—and that it's possible to enjoy a game even when you don't win. A child who's not invited to a birthday party, who doesn't make the honor roll or the baseball team feels terrible, of course. But parents should not offer a quick comfort prize or say “It doesn't matter”,because it does. The young should be allowed to experience disappointment and be helped to master it.

Failure is never pleasurable. It hurts grown-ups and children exactly alike. But it can make a positive contribution to your life once you learn to use it. Step one is to ask “Why did I fail?”. Control the natural impulse(冲动) to blame someone else. Ask yourself what you did wrong, how you can improve. If someone else can help, don't be shy about asking them.?

This passage mainly tells us about _______.?

A. the reasons why people fail

B. how to fail?

C. the ways to prevent failures

D. the importance of facing failures?

When the writer says “every person has the right to fail”, he means to say _______.

A. the world is full of failures 　　　　　　 

B. no one is perfect?

C. failures are quite common in our lives　　　　　

D. no one can grow up mentally without failures?

By “protecting their children from the knowledge that they have failed”, the writer means that most parents try their best _______.?

A. to let their children know that they won't fail?

B. not to teach their children about knowledge of failure?

C. to provide their children for the knowledge against failure?

D. to keep their children from realizing that they failed?

According to the writer, _______.

A. parents should tell their children to think nothing of not being chosen into a football team?

B. children should be encouraged to get rid of disappointment all by themselves

C. parents should judge what their children have done as it is?

D. children should learn to enjoy a game that they won't win??

B

Until I started my Happiness Project, I didn’t think much about rituals and whether they made me happy. But when I reflected on them, I realized that I found rituals both calming and energizing.

For example, in my high school, exams were taken very seriously. When everyone was steeled at a desk, the teacher would pass out the papers, and we would lay them face down. She would return to the front of the classroom, look at the clock, and say quietly, “It is 9:10 now. You have two hours. Be sure to read all the instructions carefully”—then a pause —“you may turn over your test paper and begin now.” This familiar, quiet formula made the start of an exam into a little ritual that put me in the right frame of mind to  face a tense exam.

In kindergarten, after singing a good-bye song, the children stand in a circle in the classroom, while the grown-ups wait in a line outside the door. The teacher calls the children’s names, one by one, and the child comes to the door to get a big hug and to leave. The orderliness of this process keeps everyone calm and cheerful.

So think about rituals in your life. Take a moment to taste the enjoyable ones. Think about opportunities to heighten the experience of an ordinary occasion by treating it with special consideration. This is particularly useful if it’s a stressful or emotional experience, discussing a child’s report card, giving a performance review. Packing for a trip, or getting ready for a date.

Studies show that family traditions and family rituals encourage children’s social development and improve feeling of family. They’re not just important for children but for the whole society. 

61．From the passage we know that__________．

A．rituals can make the whole society happy and peaceful

B．the author felt nervous when he took exams in high school

C．the exams in high school was a mess

D．the children are nervous as the adults wait to watch their performance

62．The author mentions all of the ritual items in paragraph 3 EXCEPT _________ .

A．singing a good-bye song

B．standing in a circle in the classroom

C．children getting a big hug

D．grown-ups shaking hand with the teacher

63．Studies show that one way to encourage child’s social development is to___________．

A．train their parents for rituals

B．communicate with children

C．form family rituals

D．praise their good actions

Why are so many people so afraid of failure? Quite simple because no one tells us how to fail so that failure becomes an experience that will lead to growth. We forget that failure is part of the human condition and that every person has the right to fail.

   Most parents work hard at either preventing failure or protecting their children from the knowledge that they have failed. One way is to lower standards. A mother describes her child’s hastily made table as “Perfect!” even though it doesn’t stand still. Another way is to shift(转移)blame. If John fails science, his teacher is unfair or stupid.

   The trouble with failure prevention is that they leave a child unequipped for life in the real world. The young need to learn that no one can be best at everything, no one can win all the time and that it’s possible to enjoy a game even when you don’t win. A child who’s not invited to a birthday party, who doesn’t make the honour roll on the baseball team, feels terrible, of course. But parents should not offer a quick comfort, prize or say “It doesn’t matter.” because it does. The young should be allowed to experience disappointment and be helped to master it.

Failure is never pleasurable. It hurts grownups and children alike. But it can make a positive contribution to your life once you learn to use it. Step one is to ask “Why did it fail? Don’t blame someone else. Ask yourself what you did wrong, how you can improve. If someone else can help, don’t be shy about inquiring. Success, which encourages repetition of old behaviour, is not nearly as good a teacher as failure. You can learn from a bad party how to give a good one, from an ill-chosen first house what to look for in a second. Even a failure that seems definitive can cause fresh thinking, a change of direction. After twelve years of studying ballet, a friend of mine applied for a professional company. She asked. That ballet master shook his head. “You will never be a dancer,” he said,” you haven’t the body for it.”

In such cases, the way to use failure is to take stock bravely asking “What have I left? What else can I do?” My friend put away her shoes and moved into dance treatment center, a field where she’s both able and useful. Failure frees one to take risks because there’s less to lose. Often there is recovery of energy — a way to find new possibilities.

1.The first paragraph tells us ______.

  A. failure is very natural for every person

  B. the reason why we don’t know how to fail

  C. the reason why so many people are afraid of failure

  D. one should be ready to face failure at any time

2.How many preventions may parents use when a child fails according to the passage?

  A. only two  B. no more than three  C. less than three  D. more than three

3. Which statement below does the writer support?

  A. Failure is as good an experience as success.

  B. Failure is the mother of success.

  C. Failure is far from a good teacher like success.

  D. Definitive failure gives us nothing but fresh thinking.

4. We can learn from the last paragraph that _______.

  A. failure is the recovery of energy

  B. failure makes one free to do something dangerous

  C. failure should be forgotten in our life

  D. failure is likely to do us good in life