摘要：(D) When global warming finally came, it stuck with a vengeance. In some regions, temperatures rose several degrees in less than a century. Sea levels shot up nearly 400 feet, flooding coastal settlements and forcing people to migrate inland. Deserts spread throughout the world as vegetation shifted drastically in North America, Europe and Asia. After driving many of the animals around them to near extinction, people were forced to give up their old way of life for a radically new survival strategy that caused widespread starvation and disease. The adaptation was farming: the global-warming crisis that gave rise to it happened more than 10,000 years ago. As environments convene in Rio de Janeiro this week to ponder the global climate of the future, earth scientists are in the midst of a revolution in understanding how climate has changed in the past – and how those changes have changed human existence. Researchers have begun to piece together an illuminating picture of the powerful geological and astronomical forces that have combined to change the planet’s environment from hot to cold, wet to dry and back again over a time period stretching back hundreds of millions of years. Most importantly, scientists are beginning to realize that the climatic changes have had a major effect on the evolution of the human species. New research now suggests that climate changes have played a key role in nearly every significant turning point in human evolution: from the dawn of primates some 65 million years ago to human ancestors rising up to walk on two legs, from the huge expansion of the human brain to the rise of agriculture. Indeed, the human history has not been merely touched by global climate change, some scientists argue, it has in some instances been driven by it. The new research has profound implications for the environmental summit in Rio. Among other things, the findings demonstrate that dramatic climate change is nothing new for planet Earth. The good global environment that has existed over the past 10,000 years – during which agriculture, writing, cities and most other features of civilization appeared – is a mere bright spot in a much larger pattern of widely varying climate over the ages. In fact, the pattern of climate change in the past shows that Earth’s climate will almost certainly go through dramatic changes in the future – even without the influence of human activity. 87. Farming came out as a survival strategy because man had been required . to give up his former way of life to leave the coastal areas to follow the ever-shifting vegetation to give up his original settlement 88. Earth scientists have come to understand that climate . is going through a fundamental change has been getting warmer for 10,000 years will eventually change from hot to cold has gone through periodical changes 89. Scientists believe that human evolution . has seldom been accompanied by climatic changes has exerted little influence on climatic changes has largely been affected by climatic changes has had a major effect on climatic changes 90. Evidence of past climatic changes indicates that . human activities have accelerated changes of Earth’s environment Earth’s environment will remain mild despite human interference Earth’s climate is bound to change significantly in the future Earth’s climate is unlikely to undergo substantial changes in the future Section C Directions: Read the following text and choose the most suitable heading from the list for each paragraph. There is one extra heading which you do not need. A. A general sleep rule B. The importance of sleep C. A funny sleeping example D. Different levels of sleep E. The time we need for sleep AB. Different states of sleep 91. Sleep, as we know, is important to us because it helps restore tired organs and tissues in our body. But how much sleep do we actually need? 92. For most of us, eight hours seems to be about the right amount. Yet we know that there are a great many people who get along perfectly with less sleep and some who may even need more. A great deal depends on the way we live. But a good general rule to follow is to sleep as long as we have to in order to feel happy and be able to work at our best when we are awake. 93. There are actually different levels of sleep. There is a deep sleep and a shallow sleep. In a shallow sleep our body does not get the same kind of rest as it gets in a deep sleep, so that after eight hours of a shallow sleep we may still feel tired. But a short deep sleep can be very restful. 94. Alexander the Great was able to get a deep sleep whenever he needed it. Once, during the night before an important battle, he remained awake longer than anyone else. Then he wrapped himself in a cloak and lay down on the earth. He slept so deeply that his generals had to wake him three times to give command to attack! 95. Normally when we go to sleep, our “sleep center blocks off nerves so that both our brain and our body go to sleep. One prevents us from wanting to do anything and the other makes our internal organs and limbs go to sleep. But someone will fall asleep and keep on marching, because his body is not asleep! 第Ⅱ卷

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Ocean Acidification: 'Evil Twin' Threatens World's Oceans
The rise in human emissions of carbon dioxide is driving dangerous changes in the chemistry and ecosystems of the world's oceans, international marine（海洋的）scientists have warned. "Ocean conditions are already more extreme than those experienced by marine organisms and ecosystems for millions of years," says the latest issue of the journal Trends in Ecology and Evolution. "This emphasizes the urgent need to adopt policies that markedly reduce CO2 emissions."
Ocean acidification, which the researchers call the 'evil twin of global warming', is caused when the CO2 emitted by human activity, mainly burning fossil fuels, dissolves into the oceans. It is happening independently of, but in combination with, global warming. Evidence gathered by scientists over the last few years suggests that ocean acidification could represent an equal -- or perhaps even greater threat -- to the biology of our planet than global warming. More than 30% of the CO2 released from burning fossil fuels, cement production, deforestation and other human activities goes straight into the oceans, turning them gradually more acidic.
"The resulting acidification will impact many forms of sea life, especially organisms whose shells or skeletons are made from calcium carbonate（碳化钙）, like corals and shellfish. It may interfere with the reproduction of plankton species which are a vital part of the food web on which fish and all other sea life depend," he adds.
The scientists say there is now persuasive evidence that mass extinctions in past Earth history, like the "Great Dying" of 251 million years ago and another wipeout 55 million years ago, were accompanied by ocean acidification, which may have delivered the deathblow to many species that were unable to cope with it. "These past periods can serve as great lessons of what we can expect in the future, if we continue to push the acidity the ocean even further" said lead author, Dr. Carles Pelejero, from ICREA and the Marine Science Institute of CSIC in Barcelona, Spain. "Given the impacts we see in the fossil record, there is no question about the need to immediately reduce the rate at which we are emitting carbon dioxide in the atmosphere," he said further.
"Today, the surface waters of the oceans have already acidified by an average of 0.1 pH units from pre-industrial levels, and we are seeing signs of its impact even in the deep oceans," said co-author Dr. Eva Calvo, from the Marine Science Institute of CSIC in Spain. "Future acidification depends on how much CO2 humans emit from here on -- but by the year 2100 various projections indicate that the oceans will have acidified by a further 0.3 to 0.4 pH units, which is more than many organisms like corals can stand," Prof. Hoegh-Guldberg says.
"This will create conditions not seen on Earth for at least 40 million years."
"These changes are taking place at rates as much as 100 times faster than they ever have over the last tens of millions of years" Prof. Hoegh-Guldberg says. Besides directly impacting on the fishing industry and its contribution to the human food supply at a time when global food demand is doubling, a major die-off in the oceans would affect birds and many land species and change the biology of Earth as a whole profoundly, Prof. Hoegh-Guldberg adds.
67. What is the biggest cause of the ocean acidification according to the report?
A. the increase of carbon dioxide emission by human beings
B. The worsening of global warming
C. The disappearance of the world’s forests
D. The decrease of marine life
68. In what way according to the report does ocean acidification affect the majority of marine life?
A. It affects their reproduction          B. It destroys their food chain
C. It affects the growth of their young    D. destroys their habitats
69. Which of the following statements is NOT true about ocean acidification?
A. Ocean acidification has made ocean conditions most extreme in millions of years.
B. Ocean acidification may do more damage than global warming to human and plant life in the long run.
C. Ocean acidification is suspected of having caused mass extinctions of life in past Earth history.
D. The effects of ocean acidification are not now but will be felt in the foreseeable future.
70. From the report we can clearly feel that the situation with ocean acidification __________.
A. is quite optimistic                B. remains well under control
C. looks more than urgent            D. is already out of control 

 查看习题详情和答案>>

 

Ocean Acidification: 'Evil Twin' Threatens World's Oceans

The rise in human emissions of carbon dioxide is driving dangerous changes in the chemistry and ecosystems of the world's oceans, international marine（海洋的）scientists have warned. "Ocean conditions are already more extreme than those experienced by marine organisms and ecosystems for millions of years," says the latest issue of the journal Trends in Ecology and Evolution. "This emphasizes the urgent need to adopt policies that markedly reduce CO2 emissions."

Ocean acidification, which the researchers call the 'evil twin of global warming', is caused when the CO2 emitted by human activity, mainly burning fossil fuels, dissolves into the oceans. It is happening independently of, but in combination with, global warming. Evidence gathered by scientists over the last few years suggests that ocean acidification could represent an equal -- or perhaps even greater threat -- to the biology of our planet than global warming. More than 30% of the CO2 released from burning fossil fuels, cement production, deforestation and other human activities goes straight into the oceans, turning them gradually more acidic.

"The resulting acidification will impact many forms of sea life, especially organisms whose shells or skeletons are made from calcium carbonate（碳化钙）, like corals and shellfish. It may interfere with the reproduction of plankton species which are a vital part of the food web on which fish and all other sea life depend," he adds.

The scientists say there is now persuasive evidence that mass extinctions in past Earth history, like the "Great Dying" of 251 million years ago and another wipeout 55 million years ago, were accompanied by ocean acidification, which may have delivered the deathblow to many species that were unable to cope with it. "These past periods can serve as great lessons of what we can expect in the future, if we continue to push the acidity the ocean even further" said lead author, Dr. Carles Pelejero, from ICREA and the Marine Science Institute of CSIC in Barcelona, Spain. "Given the impacts we see in the fossil record, there is no question about the need to immediately reduce the rate at which we are emitting carbon dioxide in the atmosphere," he said further.

"Today, the surface waters of the oceans have already acidified by an average of 0.1 pH units from pre-industrial levels, and we are seeing signs of its impact even in the deep oceans," said co-author Dr. Eva Calvo, from the Marine Science Institute of CSIC in Spain. "Future acidification depends on how much CO2 humans emit from here on -- but by the year 2100 various projections indicate that the oceans will have acidified by a further 0.3 to 0.4 pH units, which is more than many organisms like corals can stand," Prof. Hoegh-Guldberg says.

"This will create conditions not seen on Earth for at least 40 million years."

"These changes are taking place at rates as much as 100 times faster than they ever have over the last tens of millions of years" Prof. Hoegh-Guldberg says. Besides directly impacting on the fishing industry and its contribution to the human food supply at a time when global food demand is doubling, a major die-off in the oceans would affect birds and many land species and change the biology of Earth as a whole profoundly, Prof. Hoegh-Guldberg adds.

1.What is the biggest cause of the ocean acidification according to the report?

   A. the increase of carbon dioxide emission by human beings

   B. The worsening of global warming

   C. The disappearance of the world’s forests

   D. The decrease of marine life

2.In what way according to the report does ocean acidification affect the majority of marine life?

   A. It affects their reproduction          B. It destroys their food chain

   C. It affects the growth of their young    D. destroys their habitats

3.Which of the following statements is NOT true about ocean acidification?

   A. Ocean acidification has made ocean conditions most extreme in millions of years.

   B. Ocean acidification may do more damage than global warming to human and plant life in the long run.

   C. Ocean acidification is suspected of having caused mass extinctions of life in past Earth history.

   D. The effects of ocean acidification are not now but will be felt in the foreseeable future.

4.From the report we can clearly feel that the situation with ocean acidification __________.

   A. is quite optimistic                B. remains well under control

   C. looks more than urgent            D. is already out of control 

 

 查看习题详情和答案>>

Ocean Acidification: 'Evil Twin' Threatens World's Oceans

The rise in human emissions of carbon dioxide is driving dangerous changes in the chemistry and ecosystems of the world's oceans, international marine（海洋的）scientists have warned. "Ocean conditions are already more extreme than those experienced by marine organisms and ecosystems for millions of years," says the latest issue of the journal Trends in Ecology and Evolution. "This emphasizes the urgent need to adopt policies that markedly reduce CO2 emissions."

Ocean acidification, which the researchers call the 'evil twin of global warming', is caused when the CO2 emitted by human activity, mainly burning fossil fuels, dissolves into the oceans. It is happening independently of, but in combination with, global warming. Evidence gathered by scientists over the last few years suggests that ocean acidification could represent an equal -- or perhaps even greater threat -- to the biology of our planet than global warming. More than 30% of the CO2 released from burning fossil fuels, cement production, deforestation and other human activities goes straight into the oceans, turning them gradually more acidic.

"The resulting acidification will impact many forms of sea life, especially organisms whose shells or skeletons are made from calcium carbonate（碳化钙）, like corals and shellfish. It may interfere with the reproduction of plankton species which are a vital part of the food web on which fish and all other sea life depend," he adds.

The scientists say there is now persuasive evidence that mass extinctions in past Earth history, like the "Great Dying" of 251 million years ago and another wipeout 55 million years ago, were accompanied by ocean acidification, which may have delivered the deathblow to many species that were unable to cope with it. "These past periods can serve as great lessons of what we can expect in the future, if we continue to push the acidity the ocean even further" said lead author, Dr. Carles Pelejero, from ICREA and the Marine Science Institute of CSIC in Barcelona, Spain. "Given the impacts we see in the fossil record, there is no question about the need to immediately reduce the rate at which we are emitting carbon dioxide in the atmosphere," he said further.

"Today, the surface waters of the oceans have already acidified by an average of 0.1 pH units from pre-industrial levels, and we are seeing signs of its impact even in the deep oceans," said co-author Dr. Eva Calvo, from the Marine Science Institute of CSIC in Spain. "Future acidification depends on how much CO2 humans emit from here on -- but by the year 2100 various projections indicate that the oceans will have acidified by a further 0.3 to 0.4 pH units, which is more than many organisms like corals can stand," Prof. Hoegh-Guldberg says.

"This will create conditions not seen on Earth for at least 40 million years."

"These changes are taking place at rates as much as 100 times faster than they ever have over the last tens of millions of years" Prof. Hoegh-Guldberg says. Besides directly impacting on the fishing industry and its contribution to the human food supply at a time when global food demand is doubling, a major die-off in the oceans would affect birds and many land species and change the biology of Earth as a whole profoundly, Prof. Hoegh-Guldberg adds.

67. What is the biggest cause of the ocean acidification according to the report?

   A. the increase of carbon dioxide emission by human beings

   B. The worsening of global warming

   C. The disappearance of the world’s forests

   D. The decrease of marine life

68. In what way according to the report does ocean acidification affect the majority of marine life?

   A. It affects their reproduction          B. It destroys their food chain

   C. It affects the growth of their young    D. destroys their habitats

69. Which of the following statements is NOT true about ocean acidification?

   A. Ocean acidification has made ocean conditions most extreme in millions of years.

   B. Ocean acidification may do more damage than global warming to human and plant life in the long run.

   C. Ocean acidification is suspected of having caused mass extinctions of life in past Earth history.

   D. The effects of ocean acidification are not now but will be felt in the foreseeable future.

70. From the report we can clearly feel that the situation with ocean acidification __________.

   A. is quite optimistic                B. remains well under control

   C. looks more than urgent            D. is already out of control 

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阅读理解

　　The Svalbard Global Seed Vault had its first birthday on Feb.26, an anniversary it celebrated by receiving 90,000 new samples of seeds．The Vault is a repository(储藏室)of samples from national seed banks across the globe-almost every country in the world has one．Their purpose, of course, is to back up native plant varieties．If climate conditions change, or a disease threatens crops currently in use, plant breeders can go to seed banks to try to grow new crops．The seed diversity preserved in these banks can mean the difference between feast and famine．

　　But these banks tend to be located in developing countries, where budgets are tight and conditions are less than stable．One disaster-like the invasion of Iraq, in the aftermath(不幸事件)of which a seed bank containing ancient varieties of wheat was destroyed-and seeds can be lost forever, often before scientists even know what they have．“That's like burning books before we open them,”says Cary Fowler, executive director of the Global Crop Diversity Trust．

　　Svalbard is the best help－or, as Fowler calls it, the“Noah's Ark of seeds”．The Vault stands on the far northern Norwegian island of Longyearbyen, where the Arctic cold would help keep the seeds viable(能发育的)if the eletricity that powers the vault's cold storage should fail．(Seeds can remain dormant but usable for centuries if they're kept cool and dry．)The location isn't an accident－should something truly horrific happen, from extreme climate change to nuclear war, remote Svalbard should remain protected, and capable of restarting global agriculture．“It's a kind of insurance policy,”says Fowler．

　　But it's not just a plan B in case of global catastrophe．Fowler believes that global warming will take a toll on agriculture．To keep growing food, we'll need to make use of crop varieties better equipped to resist heat and drought; breeders sifting through(筛选)Svalbard's unparalleled collection of seeds today may descover tomorrow's crops．“This isn't just a time capsule,”says Fowler．“It's a living institution, built to address individual catastrophes, as well as golbal ones．”

(1)

What are the banks mentioned in the text used for?

[　　]

A．

They invest in the Svalbard Global Seed Vault．

B．

The predict climate change and report it to the Vault．

C．

They search for the difference between feast and famine．

D．

They preserve seeds and protect them from disappearance．

(2)

The invasion of Iraq is used to show that ________．

[　　]

A．

there are risks of building vaults in developing countries

B．

we've ignored agriculture development for too long

C．

efforts are not being made to keep ancient wheats

D．

there is little use trying to start a new Green Revolution in developing countries

(3)

With which of the following statements would the author agree?

[　　]

A．

Svalbard is called the“Noah's Ark of seeds”mainly because its contents can be used to breed new crops．

B．

Svalbard can take advantage of the cool arctic weather to preserve its seeds．

C．

Agriculture is experiencing challenges, especially in developing countries．

D．

Some countries will be unable to feed themselves when global warming takes hold．

(4)

What does the underlined part“take a toll on”in the last paragraph mean?

[　　]

A．

To make a profit from．

B．

To take advantage of．

C．

To have a bad effect on．

D．

To help develop．

(5)

Which of the following would be the best title for the text?

[　　]

A．

The Anniversary of the Svalbard Global Seed Vault

B．

Governmental Plans for Restarting Agriculture

C．

The Svalbard Vault－A Seed Repository

D．

Seeds Need Plan B－A New Green Revolution

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阅读理解

　　For decades, Morocco, the only North African nation without large quantities of oil, combed the surrounding desert in search of fossil fuels．But roughly a year and a half ago, the country turned to a resource that exists in abundance across the region：the sun．

　　Now Europe－long dependent on Middle Eastern oil Russian natural gas－has begun to look toward the heat of the Sahara for some of its long-term energy needs．By 2050, roughly 15 percent of European energy could be produced by wind and solar-thermal(太阳能热)power in North Africa and parts of the Middle East, according to Dii, widely known as Desertec, a group of mostly Europen companies such as Siemens that are developing clean-energy technology in the region．Although the effort－expected to cost ＄510 billion－is still in the early stage of development, analysts say Morocco has far more aggressive investment plans than its regional rivels(竞争对手)and is well positioned to become North Africa's leading provider of renewable energy, especially solar-thermal．

　　In 2008, when global oil prices hit record highs, Morocco－which imports most of its power－saw energy costs nearly double, to roughly ＄9 billion annually．Soon after, King Mohamed VI issued a royal command making the development of alternative energy a top priority．He also put a legal framework in place to encourager European investment and has managed to limit instability in a region known for political confusion．

　　Another advantage for Morocco：geography．The sun over the Sahara is far stronger than it is in Europe．But what distinguishes the country from its neighbors is that it is close to Spain．The two countries are separated by less than 16 km at some points, and they’re connected by an energy transmission line．Currently the line sends energy from Spain to Morocco, but it could work both ways, and analysts say the line’s existence gives Morocco an advantage over its neighbors for access to the European market．

　　Getting a position in that market may take some time, however, due to a shortage of funding．By 2020, Morocco hopes to invest several billion dollars in solar-thermal power and use to technology to greatly increase its energy production．But unlike, say, wind power, which is economically competitive with fossil fuels, solar-thermal often is not, despite financial support from various international institutions．Analysts say the costs of solar-thermal will come down, eventually．

(1)

The main purpose of the passage is to tell readers ________．

[　　]

A．

Morocco makes huge profits from its new energy

B．

Europe and Morocco has made a deal to cooperate

C．

Europe is searching the Sahara for new energy

D．

Morocco is developing a new form of energy

(2)

We can learn from Paragraph 2 that ________．

[　　]

A．

now Morocco is North Africa’s leading provider of renewable energy

B．

Morocco has a strong desire to produce more green energy

C．

Siemens’ clean-energy technology is far from satisfactory

D．

Europe gets most of its energy from Russia and America

(3)

The author mentions the high oil prices in 2008 in Paragraph 3 to imply that ________．

[　　]

A．

Morocco’s King is really ambitious

B．

Morocco is in need of international help

C．

Morocco has developed slowly in recent years

D．

Morocco must now turn to new resources

(4)

What is one of the problems that Morocco is facing now?

[　　]

A．

European countries won’t invest．

B．

No country is willing to buy its energy．

C．

There isn’t enough money to develop its energy．

D．

It has difficulty building an energy transmission line．

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