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Everybody is happy as his pay rises. Yet pleasure at your own can disappear if you learn that a fellow worker has been given a bigger one. Indeed, if he is known as being lazy, you might even be quite cross. Such behavior is regarded as “all too human”, with the underlying belief that other animals would not be able to have this finely developed sense of sadness. But a study by Sarah Brosnan of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, which has just been published in Nature, suggests that it is all too monkey, as well.
The researchers studied the behaviors of some kind of female brown monkeys. They look smart. They are good-natured, co-operative creatures, and they share their food happily. Above all, like female human beings, they tend to pay much closer attention to the value of “goods and services” than males.
Such characteristics make them perfect subjects for Doctor Brosnan’s study. The researchers spent two years teaching their monkeys to exchange tokens(奖券)-some rocks, for food. Normally, the monkeys were happy enough to exchange pieces of rock for pieces of cucumber. However, when two monkeys were placed in separate and connected rooms, so that each other could observe what the other is getting in return for its rock, they became quite different.
In the world of monkeys, grapes are excellent goods (and much preferable to cucumbers). So when one monkey was handed a grape in exchange for her token, the second was not willing to hand hers over for a mere piece of cucumber. And if one received a grape without having to provide her token in exchange at all, the other either shook her own token at the researcher, or refused to accept the cucumber. Indeed, the mere presence of a grape in the other room (without an actual monkey to eat it) was enough to bring about dissatisfaction in a female monkey.
The researches suggest that these monkeys, like humans, are guided by social senses. In the wild, they are co-operative and group-living. Such co-operation is likely to be firm only when each animal feels it is not being cheated. Feelings of anger when unfairly treated, it seems, are not the nature of human beings alone. Refusing a smaller reward completely makes these feelings clear to other animals of the group. However, whether such a sense of fairness developed independently in monkeys and humans, or whether it comes from the common roots that they had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question.
1．Female monkeys of this kind are chosen for the research most probably because they are .
A．more serious about what they get
B．attentive to researchers’ instructions
C．nice in both appearance and behaviors
D．more ready to help others than their male companions
2．The underlined statement “it is all too monkey” means that_______.
A．monkeys are also angry with lazy fellows
B．feeling bitter at unfairness is also monkey’s nature
C．monkeys, like humans, tend to be envious of each other
D．no animals other than monkeys can develop such feelings
3．When one monkey received a grape for free, the other would .
A．not be willing to hand over her token
B．shake her hands and get angry
C．have to exchange her token for the cucumber
D．refuse to accept the cucumber
4．Which of the following conclusions is TRUE according to the passage?
A．Human beings’ feelings of anger are developed from the monkeys.
B．In the research, male monkeys are less likely to exchange food with others.
C．Co-operation between monkeys stays firm before the realization of being cheated.
D．Only monkeys and humans have the sense of fairness dating from 35 million years ago.
5．What can we learn about the monkeys in Sarah’s study?
A．They can be trained to develop social senses.
B．They usually show their feelings openly as humans do.
C．They may show their satisfaction with equal treatment.
D．They feel angry when they receive small rewards.
查看习题详情和答案>>
Everybody is happy as his pay rises. Yet pleasure at your own can disappear if you learn that a fellow worker has been given a bigger one. Indeed, if he is known as being lazy, you might even be quite cross. Such behavior is regarded as “all too human”, with the underlying belief that other animals would not be able to have this finely developed sense of sadness. But a study by Sarah Brosnan of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, which has just been published in Nature, suggests that it is all too monkey, as well.
The researchers studied the behaviors of some kind of female brown monkeys. They look smart. They are good-natured, co-operative creatures, and they share their food happily. Above all, like female human beings, they tend to pay much closer attention to the value of “goods and services” than males.
Such characteristics make them perfect subjects for Doctor Brosnan’s study. The researchers spent two years teaching their monkeys to exchange tokens(奖券)-some rocks, for food. Normally, the monkeys were happy enough to exchange pieces of rock for pieces of cucumber. However, when two monkeys were placed in separate and connected rooms, so that each other could observe what the other is getting in return for its rock, they became quite different.
In the world of monkeys, grapes are excellent goods (and much preferable to cucumbers). So when one monkey was handed a grape in exchange for her token, the second was not willing to hand hers over for a mere piece of cucumber. And if one received a grape without having to provide her token in exchange at all, the other either shook her own token at the researcher, or refused to accept the cucumber. Indeed, the mere presence of a grape in the other room (without an actual monkey to eat it) was enough to bring about dissatisfaction in a female monkey.
The researches suggest that these monkeys, like humans, are guided by social senses. In the wild, they are co-operative and group-living. Such co-operation is likely to be firm only when each animal feels it is not being cheated. Feelings of anger when unfairly treated, it seems, are not the nature of human beings alone. Refusing a smaller reward completely makes these feelings clear to other animals of the group. However, whether such a sense of fairness developed independently in monkeys and humans, or whether it comes from the common roots that they had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question.
1．Female monkeys of this kind are chosen for the research most probably because they are .
A．more serious about what they get
B．attentive to researchers’ instructions
C．nice in both appearance and behaviors
D．more ready to help others than their male companions
2．The underlined statement “it is all too monkey” means that_______.
A．monkeys are also angry with lazy fellows
B．feeling bitter at unfairness is also monkey’s nature
C．monkeys, like humans, tend to be envious of each other
D．no animals other than monkeys can develop such feelings
3．When one monkey received a grape for free, the other would .
A．not be willing to hand over her token
B．shake her hands and get angry
C．have to exchange her token for the cucumber
D．refuse to accept the cucumber
4．Which of the following conclusions is TRUE according to the passage?
A．Human beings’ feelings of anger are developed from the monkeys.
B．In the research, male monkeys are less likely to exchange food with others.
C．Co-operation between monkeys stays firm before the realization of being cheated.
D．Only monkeys and humans have the sense of fairness dating from 35 million years ago.
5．What can we learn about the monkeys in Sarah’s study?
A．They can be trained to develop social senses.
B．They usually show their feelings openly as humans do.
C．They may show their satisfaction with equal treatment.
D．They feel angry when they receive small rewards.
查看习题详情和答案>>
A high school teacher once told us, "If you make one close friend in school, you will be most fortunate．A true friend is someone who stays with you for life．" 1 teaches that he was right．Good friendship is just not easily 2 ．
It is possible that we simply do not stay in one place long enough to wait for 3 friendship to develop．However, there can be 4 disagreement for each of us to think carefully about the kind of friendship we want．
To most of us, friendships are considered very 5 We also need to understand 6
our minds the kinds of friendship we want．Are we to be close or 7 at arm's length? Do we want to 8 ourselves or do we want to walk on the surface? For some people, many friendships on the surface are quite enough and that's all right． 9 at some important points we need to 10 sure that our expectations are the 11 as our friends' expectations．The sharing of personal experience 12 our tears as well as our dark dreams 13 the surest way to deepen friendships．But it must be done slowly and carried on only if there are 14 of interest and action in return．
What are some of the 15 of friendship? The greatest is the attraction to expect too much too soon．To have deep relationships with each other will 16 time．Another "major difficulty" is the selfishness to think one "possesses" the other, including his time and attention．Similarly, friendships 17 actions in return．In 18 words, you must give as much as you take．Finally there is a question of taking care of the relationship． 19 you spend some time together, talking on the phone, writing letters, or doing things together, 20 will die away．
1．A．Knowledge B．Money C．Experience D．Preparation
2．A．understood B．formed C．realized D．answered
3．A．true B．common C．free D．actual
4．A．some B．no C．any D．much
5．A．important B．interesting C．funny D．difficult
6．A．from B．on C．at D．in
7．A．got B．left C．kept D．stayed
8．A．own B．teach C．share D．spare
9．A．And B．But C．Or D．So
10．A．make B．think C．get D．keep
11．A．work B．thing C．one D．same
12．A．includes B．to include C．including D．included
13．A．was B．is C．were D．are
14．A．marks B．sights C．scenes D．signs
15．A．difficulties B．differences C．advantages D．things
16．A．get B．spend C．ask D．take
17．A．require B．suppose C．depend D．suggest
18．A．some B．many C．other D．different
19．A．Unless B．If C．When D．As
20．A．things B．friendships C．expectations D．difficulties
查看习题详情和答案>>Everybody is happy as his pay rises. Yet pleasure at your own can disappear if you learn that a fellow worker has been given a bigger one. Indeed, if he is known as being lazy, you might even be quite cross. Such behavior is regarded as “all too human”, with the underlying belief that other animals would not be able to have this finely developed sense of sadness. But a study by Sarah Brosnan of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, which has just been published in Nature, suggests that it is all too monkey, as well.
The researchers studied the behaviors of some kind of female brown monkeys. They look smart. They are good-natured, co-operative creatures, and they share their food happily. Above all, like female human beings, they tend to pay much closer attention to the value of “goods and services” than males.
Such characteristics make them perfect subjects for Doctor Brosnan’s study. The researchers spent two years teaching their monkeys to exchange tokens(奖券)-some rocks, for food. Normally, the monkeys were happy enough to exchange pieces of rock for pieces of cucumber. However, when two monkeys were placed in separate and connected rooms, so that each other could observe what the other is getting in return for its rock, they became quite different.
In the world of monkeys, grapes are excellent goods (and much preferable to cucumbers). So when one monkey was handed a grape in exchange for her token, the second was not willing to hand hers over for a mere piece of cucumber. And if one received a grape without having to provide her token in exchange at all, the other either shook her own token at the researcher, or refused to accept the cucumber. Indeed, the mere presence of a grape in the other room (without an actual monkey to eat it) was enough to bring about dissatisfaction in a female monkey.
The researches suggest that these monkeys, like humans, are guided by social senses. In the wild, they are co-operative and group-living. Such co-operation is likely to be firm only when each animal feels it is not being cheated. Feelings of anger when unfairly treated, it seems, are not the nature of human beings alone. Refusing a smaller reward completely makes these feelings clear to other animals of the group. However, whether such a sense of fairness developed independently in monkeys and humans, or whether it comes from the common roots that they had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question.
66．Female monkeys of this kind are chosen for the research most probably because they are .
A．more serious about what they get
B．attentive to researchers’ instructions
C．nice in both appearance and behaviors
D．more ready to help others than their male companions
67．The underlined statement “it is all too monkey” means that_______.
A．monkeys are also angry with lazy fellows
B．feeling bitter at unfairness is also monkey’s nature
C．monkeys, like humans, tend to be envious of each other
D．no animals other than monkeys can develop such feelings
68．When one monkey received a grape for free, the other would .
A．not be willing to hand over her token
B．shake her hands and get angry
C．have to exchange her token for the cucumber
D．refuse to accept the cucumber
69．Which of the following conclusions is TRUE according to the passage?
A．Human beings’ feelings of anger are developed from the monkeys.
B．In the research, male monkeys are less likely to exchange food with others.
C．Co-operation between monkeys stays firm before the realization of being cheated.
D．Only monkeys and humans have the sense of fairness dating from 35 million years ago.
70．What can we learn about the monkeys in Sarah’s study?
A．They can be trained to develop social senses.
B．They usually show their feelings openly as humans do.
C．They may show their satisfaction with equal treatment.
D．They feel angry when they receive small rewards.
查看习题详情和答案>>Everybody is happy as his pay rises. Yet pleasure at your own can disappear if you learn that a fellow worker has been given a bigger one. Indeed, if he is known as being lazy, you might even be quite cross. Such behavior is regarded as “all too human”, with the underlying belief that other animals would not be able to have this finely developed sense of sadness. But a study by Sarah Brosnan of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, which has just been published in Nature, suggests that it is all too monkey, as well.
The researchers studied the behaviors of some kind of female brown monkeys. They look smart. They are good-natured, co-operative creatures, and they share their food happily. Above all, like female human beings, they tend to pay much closer attention to the value of “goods and services” than males.
Such characteristics make them perfect subjects for Doctor Brosnan’s study. The researchers spent two years teaching their monkeys to exchange tokens(奖券)-some rocks, for food. Normally, the monkeys were happy enough to exchange pieces of rock for pieces of cucumber. However, when two monkeys were placed in separate and connected rooms, so that each other could observe what the other is getting in return for its rock, they became quite different.
In the world of monkeys, grapes are excellent goods (and much preferable to cucumbers). So when one monkey was handed a grape in exchange for her token, the second was not willing to hand hers over for a mere piece of cucumber. And if one received a grape without having to provide her token in exchange at all, the other either shook her own token at the researcher, or refused to accept the cucumber. Indeed, the mere presence of a grape in the other room (without an actual monkey to eat it) was enough to bring about dissatisfaction in a female monkey.
The researches suggest that these monkeys, like humans, are guided by social senses. In the wild, they are co-operative and group-living. Such co-operation is likely to be firm only when each animal feels it is not being cheated. Feelings of anger when unfairly treated, it seems, are not the nature of human beings alone. Refusing a smaller reward completely makes these feelings clear to other animals of the group. However, whether such a sense of fairness developed independently in monkeys and humans, or whether it comes from the common roots that they had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question.
1．Female monkeys of this kind are chosen for the research most probably because they are .
A．more serious about what they get
B．attentive to researchers’ instructions
C．nice in both appearance and behaviors
D．more ready to help others than their male companions
2．The underlined statement “it is all too monkey” means that_______.
A．monkeys are also angry with lazy fellows
B．feeling bitter at unfairness is also monkey’s nature
C．monkeys, like humans, tend to be envious of each other
D．no animals other than monkeys can develop such feelings
3．When one monkey received a grape for free, the other would .
A．not be willing to hand over her token
B．shake her hands and get angry
C．have to exchange her token for the cucumber
D．refuse to accept the cucumber
4．Which of the following conclusions is TRUE according to the passage?
A．Human beings’ feelings of anger are developed from the monkeys.
B．In the research, male monkeys are less likely to exchange food with others.
C．Co-operation between monkeys stays firm before the realization of being cheated.
D．Only monkeys and humans have the sense of fairness dating from 35 million years ago.
5．What can we learn about the monkeys in Sarah’s study?
A．They can be trained to develop social senses.
B．They usually show their feelings openly as humans do.
C．They may show their satisfaction with equal treatment.
D．They feel angry when they receive small rewards.
查看习题详情和答案>>