fairness A. premier B. farewell C. violence D. wire 第二节:单项填空(共15小题,每小题1分.满分15分)——青夏教育精英家教网—

摘要： fairness A. premier B. farewell C. violence D. wire 第二节:单项填空(共15小题,每小题1分.满分15分)

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“You must be mad！” said my friends. “Giving up your job now， when there isn't much chance of finding another one， ever！”

But I had already come to my lonely decision. To wake up in the morning with a sense of fear， to force a hasty breakfast down an unwilling throat and then to set off for work with pounding heart and frozen face had become habitual， and I had turned to tranquilizers(镇定剂) to help me along.

It hadn't always been as bad as this. Ten years before I had managed quite well.

I， in common with most other teachers， am rather self??critical， and I knew now I was no longer “managing”.My classes were noisy， the children were not learning very much， and my attempts to cope with changing teaching methods produced very little effect. At one time my very presence in the doorway would be enough to ensure a partial silence. Now they give a vague(含糊的) “Hello， Miss”， and carry on. I had run out of enjoyment and enthusiasm. It was time to stop.

Was it all my own failure？ In fairness to myself， I don't think it was. I had plenty of ideas， I loved my subject， and I liked children.

I had been idealistic. But the reality I faced was bored children， over??stimulated(刺激)by video??watching the night before and tired out by a late bedtime. They were given the wrong food at the wrong time， who came without breakfast to school and then stuffed themselves with gum and chocolates bought on the way； who were “high” with hunger in class and talked restlessly as the cooking smell from the school kitchen came drifting (漂) to all floors.

I had been trying to create the basic conditions in which teaching becomes possible， but I had failed， and no longer had the stomach for the job.

64.The reason why the writer decided to give up her job was probably that　　　　.

A.teaching children wasn't challenging

B.she took no pride in her work

C.teaching had become too much for her

D.she disliked the new teaching method

65.“My very presence in the doorway would be enough to ensure a partial silence” means“　　　　”.

A.I'd very well make some students stop talking simply by standing in the doorway

B.when I came to the doorway， the class would immediately quiet down

C.all the students would become silent on my turning up in the doorway

D.my appearance in the doorway could at least comfort the class

66.The following are all reasons that children couldn't concentrate in class EXCEPT　　　　.

A.they were tired out because they went to bed too late

B.they were burdened with too much homework

C.they were not properly fed by their parents

D.they were over excited by video??watching the night before

67.We can infer from the passage that the writer　　　　.

A.had no love for children at all

B.never truly enjoyed teaching

C.found it difficult to give up her job

D.felt extremely nervous about each coming day

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Everybody is happy as his pay rises. Yet pleasure at your own can disappear if you learn that a fellow worker has been given a bigger one. Indeed, if he is known as being lazy, you might even be quite cross. Such behavior is regarded as “all too human”, with the underlying belief that other animals would not be able to have this finely developed sense of sadness. But a study by Sarah Brosnan of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, which has just been published in Nature, suggests that it is all too monkey, as well.

The researchers studied the behaviors of some kind of female brown monkeys. They look smart. They are good-natured, co-operative creatures, and they share their food happily. Above all, like female human beings, they tend to pay much closer attention to the value of “goods and services” than males.

Such characteristics make them perfect subjects for Doctor Brosnan’s study. The researchers spent two years teaching their monkeys to exchange tokens(奖券)-some rocks, for food. Normally, the monkeys were happy enough to exchange pieces of rock for pieces of cucumber. However, when two monkeys were placed in separate and connected rooms, so that each other could observe what the other is getting in return for its rock, they became quite different.

In the world of monkeys, grapes are excellent goods (and much preferable to cucumbers). So when one monkey was handed a grape in exchange for her token, the second was not willing to hand hers over for a mere piece of cucumber. And if one received a grape without having to provide her token in exchange at all, the other either shook her own token at the researcher, or refused to accept the cucumber. Indeed, the mere presence of a grape in the other room (without an actual monkey to eat it) was enough to bring about dissatisfaction in a female monkey.

The researches suggest that these monkeys, like humans, are guided by social senses. In the wild, they are co-operative and group-living. Such co-operation is likely to be firm only when each animal feels it is not being cheated. Feelings of anger when unfairly treated, it seems, are not the nature of human beings alone. Refusing a smaller reward completely makes these feelings clear to other animals of the group. However, whether such a sense of fairness developed independently in monkeys and humans, or whether it comes from the common roots that they had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question.

1．Female monkeys of this kind are chosen for the research most probably because they are　 .

A．more serious about what they get

B．attentive to researchers’ instructions

C．nice in both appearance and behaviors

D．more ready to help others than their male companions

2．The underlined statement “it is all too monkey” means that_______.

A．monkeys are also angry with lazy fellows

B．feeling bitter at unfairness is also monkey’s nature

C．monkeys, like humans, tend to be envious of each other

D．no animals other than monkeys can develop such feelings

3．When one monkey received a grape for free, the other would　　　　 .

A．not be willing to hand over her token

B．shake her hands and get angry

C．have to exchange her token for the cucumber

D．refuse to accept the cucumber

4．Which of the following conclusions is TRUE according to the passage?

A．Human beings’ feelings of anger are developed from the monkeys.

B．In the research, male monkeys are less likely to exchange food with others.

C．Co-operation between monkeys stays firm before the realization of being cheated.

D．Only monkeys and humans have the sense of fairness dating from 35 million years ago.

5．What can we learn about the monkeys in Sarah’s study?

A．They can be trained to develop social senses.

B．They usually show their feelings openly as humans do.

C．They may show their satisfaction with equal treatment.

D．They feel angry when they receive small rewards.

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阅读理解

　　Dogs, like people and monkeys, seem to have a sense of fairness．

　　In the reward experiments, Friederike Range experimented with dogs that understood the command“paw”, to place their paw in her hand．The dogs were asked to shake hands and each could see what reward the other received．When one dog got a reward and the other didn't, the unrewarded animal stopped playing．When both got a reward all was well．Range said she wasn't surprised at the dogs' reaction, since wolves are known to cooperate with one another and appear to be sensitive to each other．Modern dogs are descended from wolves．Next, she said, will be experiments to test how dogs and wolves work together．“Among other questions, we will study how differences in emotions(情绪)influence cooperative(合作的)abilities,”she said．

　　But the dogs didn't seem to care whether the reward was sausage or bread．One possibility, they said, is that daily training with their owners overrides(比……优先)a preference．And the dogs never rejected the food, something that primates had done when they thought the reward was unfair．

　　Clive Wynne, a professor in the University of Florida, isn't so sure the experiment measures the animals' reaction to fairness, which means that individuals are responding negatively to being treated less well．But the researchers didn't do a control test that had been done in monkey studies, in which a preferred reward was visible but not given to anyone．In that case the monkeys went on strike because they could see the better reward but got something lesser．In dogs, he noted, the quality of reward didn't seem to matter, so the test only worked when they got no reward at all．However, Wynne added, there is“no doubt in my mind that dogs are very, very sensitive to what people are doing and are very smart．”

(1)

What will dogs probably do when they think the test is unfair?
[　　]
A．	They will place their paw in your hand．
B．	They will stop playing．
C．	They will see what reward the other received．
D．	They will reject the food．

(2)

What does the underlined word“primates”in the third paragraph refer to?
[　　]
A．	People and monkeys．
B．	People and dogs．
C．	Dog and wolves．
D．	Sausage and bread．

(3)

Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage?
[　　]
A．	Monkeys don't care whether the reward was sausage or bread．
B．	Monkeys will reject the reward when they think it is unfair．
C．	Dogs and wolves work together well because dogs are descended from wolves．
D．	Monkeys have cooperative abilities more than any other animal．

(4)

In which part of a newspaper do you think we can find this passage?
[　　]
A．	News．
B．	Science．
C．	Entertainment．
D．	Politics．

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阅读理解

　　“We’re all sad, and we’re a little worried…We’re sad about something missing in childhood,” psychologist Michael Thompson told 900 early childhood educators from 22 states packed into a lecture hall last week．“We have to fight back,” he declared．“We’re going to fight for play．”

　　It is estimated that since the 1980s the average American children have 8 to 12 fewer hours of free play time per week．Some of the factors behind the decline have been there for decades, others are more recent．Among the key factors are：

　　● Parents are unwilling to let their kids play outside on their own, for fear of injury or other accidents, and organized sports and other structured activities take up a large part of a child’s non-school hours．

　　● More hours per week are spent by kids watching TV, playing video games, using the Internet, and communicating on cell phones．

　　● More importance is attached to formal learning in preschool, more homework for primary school students and more pressure from parents on young children to quickly acquire academic skills．

　　“Parents are more self-conscious and competitive than in the past,” Thompson said．“They’re pushing their kids to do better than others．．．Free play loses out．” But he points out that this option doesn’t necessarily breed(培养)creativity and can lead to burnout for good young athletes and frustration for the less skilled．He is also concerned that preschools, in the drive to prepare students for the academic challenges ahead, are reducing the opportunity for group fantasy play－and thus reducing children’s chances to learn on their own about fairness, kindness and other social interactions(交往)．

　　The consequences are potentially awful, according to Thompson, who points out that reduced time to play freely with other children is producing a generation of unsociable young people and is a factor behind high rates of weight problems, anxiety, and depression among youth．“Without enough opportunity for forms of play that promote creative thinking,” he says, “America’s children will be at a disadvantage in the global economy．”

(1)

Which of the following is TRUE?
[　　]
A．	American kids have about 8 to 12 hours of free play time each week．
B．	American parents don’t allow their children to do a lot of sports．
C．	Many preschools are paying more attention to formal learning．
D．	American children spend less time watching TV．

(2)

Children’s free play time has been reduced for the following reasons EXCEPT _________．
[　　]
A．	parents are concerned about their children’s safety
B．	parents have higher academic expectations on their children
C．	children spend more time on other activities instead of free play
D．	some education experts give parents improper advice

(3)

What is the most important thing that children get by playing freely?
[　　]
A．	Knowledge about the rules of some sports．
B．	Skills in playing computer games．
C．	Motivation to do better than others．
D．	Opportunities to promote creative thinking．

(4)

According to Thompson, American children will be more _________ as a result of reduced play time．
[　　]
A．	competitive
B．	depressed
C．	hard-working
D．	sociable

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请认真阅读下列短文，从短文后各题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。

　　We’ve considered several ways of paying to cut in line：hiring line standers, buying tickets from scalpers(票贩子), or purchasing line-cutting privileges directly from, say, an airline or an amusement park．Each of these deals replaces the morals of the queue(waiting your turn)with the morals of the market(paying a price for faster service)．

　　Markets and queues-paying and waiting-are two different ways of allocating things, and each is appropriate to different activities．The morals of the queue, “First come, first served, have an egalitarian(平等主义的)appeal．They tell us to ignore privilege, power, and deep pockets．

　　The principle seems right on playgrounds and at bus stops．But the morals of the queue do not govern all occasions．If I put my house up for sale, I have no duty to accept the first offer that comes along, simply because it's the first．Selling my house and waiting for a bus are different activities, properly governed by different standards．

　　Sometimes standards change, and it is unclear which principle should apply．Think of the recorded message you hear, played over and over, as you wait on hold when calling your bank：“Your call will be answered in the order in which it was received．” This is essential for the morals of the queue．It's as if the company is trying to ease our impatience with fairness．

　　But don't take the recorded message too seriously．Today, some people's calls are answered faster than others．Call center technology enables companies to “score” incoming calls and to give faster service to those that come from rich places．You might call this telephonic queue jumping．

　　Of course, markets and queues are not the only ways of allocating things．Some goods we distribute by merit, others by need, still others by chance．However, the tendency of markets to replace queues, and other non-market ways of allocating goods is so common in modern life that we scarcely notice it anymore．It is striking that most of the paid queue-jumping schemes we’ve considered－at airports and amusement parks, in call centers, doctors’ offices, and national parks－are recent developments, scarcely imaginable three decades ago．The disappearance of the queues in these places may seem an unusual concern, but these are not the only places that markets have entered．

(1)

According to the author, which of the following seems governed by the principle “First come, first served”?
[　　]
A．	Taking buses．
B．	Buying houses．
C．	Flying with an airline．
D．	Visiting amusement parks．

(2)

The example of the recorded message in Paragraphs 4 and 5 illustrates ________．
[　　]
A．	the necessity of patience in queuing
B．	the advantage of modern technology
C．	the uncertainty of allocation principle
D．	the fairness of telephonic services

(3)

The passage is meant to ________．
[　　]
A．	justify paying for faster services
B．	discuss the morals of allocating things
C．	analyze the reason for standing in line
D．	criticize the behavior of queue jumping

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