No one knows for sure when advertising first started. It is possible that it grew out of the discovery that some people did certain kinds of work better than others did them. That led to the concept of specialization, which means that people would specialize, or focus, on doing one specific job.

Let’s take a man we'll call Mr. Fielder, for example. He did everything connected with fanning. He planted seeds, tended the fields» and harvested and sold his crops. At the same lime, he did many other jobs on the farm. However, he didn't make the bricks for his house, cut his trees into boards, make the plows (犁) , or any of the other hundreds of things a farm needs. Instead, he got them from people who specialized in doing each of those things.

Suppose there was another man we shall call Mr. Plowright. Using what he knew about fanning and working with iron, Mr. Plowright invented a plow that made fanning easier. Mr. Plowright did not really like fanning himself and wanted to specialize in making really good plows. Perhaps, he thought, other farmers will trade what they grow far one of my plows.

How did Mr. Plowright let people know what he was doing? Why, he advertised, of course. First he opened a shop and then he put up a sign outside the shop to attract customers. That sign may have been no more than a plow carved into a piece of wood and a simple arrow pointing to the $hop door. It was probably all the information people needed to find Mr, Plowright and his really good plows.

Many historians believe that the first outdoor signs were used about five thousand yean; ago. Even before most people could read, they understood such signs. Shopkeeper« would carve into stone, clay, or wood symbols for the product they had for sale.

A medium, in advertising talk, is the way you communicate your message. You might say that the first medium used in advertising was signs with symbols. The second medium was audio, or sound, although that term is not used exactly in the way we use it today. Originally, just the human voice and maybe some kind of simple instrument, such as a bell, were used to get people's attention.

A crier, in the historical sense, is not someone who weeps easily. It is someone, probably a man, with a voice loud enough to be heard over the other noises of a city. In ancient Egypt, shopkeepers might hire such b person to spread the news about their products. Often this earliest form of advertising involved a newly arrived ship loaded with goods. Perhaps the crier described the goods, explained where they came from, and praised their quality. His job was, in other words, not too different from a TV or radio commercial in today's world.

41. What probably led to the start of advertising?

A. The discovery of iron.                      B. The specialization of labor.

C. The appearance of new jobs.             D. The development of fanning techniques.

42. To advertise his plows, Mr. Plowright ______.

A. praised his plows in public                 R. placed a sign outside the shop

C. hung an arrow pointing to the shop     D. showed hut products to the customers

43. The writer makes up the two stories of Mr. Fielder and Mr. Plowright in order to ______.

A. explain the origin of advertising          B. predict the future of advertising

C. expose problems in advertising           D, provide suggestions for advertising

44. In ancient Egypt, a crier was probably someone who ______.

A. owned a ship

B. had the loudest voice

C. ran a shop selling goods to fanners

D. functioned like today's TV or radio commercial

45. The last two paragraphs are mainly about ______.

A. the history of advertising                   B. the benefits of advertising

C. the early forms of advertising             D. the basic design of advertising

As a boy ,Mark Twain caused much trouble for his parents . He used to play practical jokes on all his friends and neighbors .The nature of his jokes often led to violence. He hated to go to school, and he constantly ran away from home. He always went in the direction of the nearby Mississippi .He liked to sit on the bank of the river for hours at a time and just gaze at the mysterious island and the passing boats. He learned many things about the river during those days. He learned all about its history and unusual people who rode up and down it . He never forgot those scenes and those people .He later made them part of the history of America in the books Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn.
Mark Twain received his genius （天才）from his mother . Obviously he didn’t get it from his father . He once stated that he had never seen a smile on his father’s face .On the other hand, his mother had the rare ability to say humorous things. The same ability made Mark Twain an extremely humorous public speaker.
【小题1】Because of the nature of his jokes when he was a child , Mark Twain would           

A．ran away from school

B．cause his parents to quarrel with others

C．get into trouble with his friends and neighbors

D．like to sit on the bank of the Mississippi River

第二节 语法填空（共10小题;每小题1.5分，满分15分）

阅读下面短文，根据上下文填入适当的词语，或使用括号中的词语的适当

形式填空，并将答案填写在答题卡上标号为31~40的相应位置。

Gandhi, an Indian national hero, was honored  (31)          the father of the Indian nation. He has been respected and beloved  (32)            the Indians.

He was born in India in 1869. Following the local custom, he got married     (33)            the age of 13. In 1888 he sailed to England, where he studied law for three years and became a lawyer. On his return to India, he was sent to South Africa to work on a law case.

In South Africa he  (34)             (surprise) found the problem of racial discrimination was serious. There he formed an organization and started a magazine to fight  (35)          equal rights.

Gandhi returned to India in 1915, when India was  (36)            (control) by the British. He led the Indians to fight for an end to the British rule and        (37)            (depend) for his country. In the political movement many Indians  (38)            (include) Gandhi were put in prison. However, the struggles never stopped. The British government had to give  (39)           and India won its independence in 1947.  (40)           (fortunate)， Gandhi was shot by an Indian who opposed his views and died on January 30th, 1948.

MIANYANG—At a corner of the city’s Jiuzhou Stadium, one of the biggest camps set up for those left homeless in the earthquake, 62-year-old Liu Yaorong was leaning against a window on Thursday.

Pointing to a quilt and clothes he received from the local government, he said: “These are all I have. My home collapsed in the quake, and everything in the town was flooded.”

He used to live in Xuanping town of Beichuan county which was destroyed by the quake. Adding to his misery, rivers blocked by landslides(山崩) led to flooding in the town.

But Liu said he was lucky because he was healthy, otherwise he would not have the energy to walk 10 hours on damaged and dangerous mountainous roads to escape the flood on Monday. He said the trip used to take him about 90 minutes when the roads were in good condition.

The journey was difficult and “rocks kept falling,” he said, showing injured legs and black, split toenails.

Liu said his three sons were working in eastern cities as migrant workers.

“I’ve been living alone in the mountains for more than 20 years. My wife died 30 years ago,” he said in a low voice.

During his journey to Mianyang, Liu said he saw many elderly people who chose to stay.

“Soldiers were persuading them to leave for fear of floods,” he said.

Talking about his home before the quake struck, Liu’s mood lifted. “I raised pigs and chickens, and grew vegetables. I could have rice, meat and greens almost every day,” he said.

“But now, I have only biscuits and instant noodles.”

Liu said one of his sons returned home from Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, after the quake, but left because the father refused to go with him.

“I don’t want to leave home. And I know it is difficult for them out there. How could I add to their burden?” he asked, his eyes red.

“I still want to go back to my home. Given a small piece of land, I could live by myself.”

It is learnt that resettlement plans for displaced people have not been finalized.

However, not every elderly person is as strong-willed as Liu.

Psychologists said the elderly need as much comfort as children. Lu Jianguo, a psychologist from Chengdu Medical College, said “We will first let them cry and tell their stories, and then help them regain confidence.”

Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?

A. Liu Yaorong spent 8.5 hours more than usual covering the roads in escaping the flood.

B. The flood was followed by an earthquake in Xuanping in the same day.

C. Liu Yaorong was in time to escape the quake without being hurt.

D. Being healthy, Liu Yaorong was the only old man to escape the flood.

The underlined word “ misery  ”in the third paragraph most probably means “       ”.

A. happiness          B. fortune      C. puzzle          D. suffering

What’s Liu Yaorong’s attitude towards self-relief after the earthquake?

    A. Positive.         B. Negative.       C. Aggressive.       D. Dependent.

What would be the best title for the news report?

A. Elderly react more quickly to flood disaster

B. Elderly try hard to deal with quake disaster

C. Elderly prefer to stay at their own home

D. Elderly are well cared for by government

As a boy, Mark Twain caused much trouble for his parents. He used to play practical jokes on all his friends and neighbors. The nature of his jokes often led to violence (暴力). He hated to go to school and he constantly ran away from home. He always went in the direction of the nearby Mississippi. He liked to sit on the bank of the river for hours at a time and just gaze at the mysterious island and the passing boats. He learned many things about the river during those days. He learned all about its history and unusual people. He later made them part of the history of America in the book Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn.

Mark Twain received his genius (天才) from his mother. Obviously he didn’t get it from his father. He once stated that he had never seen a smile on his father’s face. On the other hand, his mother had the ability to say humorous things. The same ability made Mark Twain an extremely humorous public speaker.

1.According to the passage, Mark Twain was a _______ boy.

A．shy              B．brave             C．naughty(调皮的)    D．poor

2.Because of the nature of his jokes when he was a child, Mark Twain would _______.

A．ran away form school

B．cause his parents to quarrel with others

C．get into trouble with his friends and neighbors

D．like to sit on the bank of the Mississippi River

3.It can be learned form the passage that      ______.

A．Mark Twain’s father was a cruel man

B．Mark Twain never attended school on time

C．Mark Twain often went boating in the nearby river

D．Mark Twain’s mother was something of a humorist

4.In his book Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn, Mark Twain wrote much about _______.

A．the Mississippi and the people living on it

B．his friends and neighbors

C．his school life

D．his parents

5.It is inferred that what affected Mark Twain’s character mostly was _______ .

A．his practical jokes

B．his father’s seriousness

C．the history of the Mississippi

D．his mother’s genius for humor