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阅读理解

　　A is for always getting to work on time．

　　B is for being extremely busy．

　　C is for the conscientious(勤勤恳恳的)way you do your job．

　　You may be all these things at the office, and more．But when it comes to getting ahead, experts say, the ABCs of business should include a P, for politics, as in office politics．

　　Dale Carnegie suggested as much more than 50 years ago：Hard work alone doesn’t ensure career advancement．You have to be able to sell yourself and your ideas, both publicly and behind the scenes．Yet, despite the obvious rewards of engaging in office politics－a better job, a raise, praise－many people are still unable or unwilling to “play the game”．

　　“People assume that office politics involves some manipulative(工于心计的)behavior,” says Deborah Comer, an assistant professor of management at Hofstra University．“But politics derives from the word ‘polite’．It can mean lobbying(游说)and forming associations．It can mean being kind and helpful, or even trying, to please your superior, and then expecting something in return．”

　　In fact, today, experts define office politics as proper behavior used to pursue one’s own self-interest in the workplace．In many cases, this involves some form of socializing within the office environment－not just in large companies, but in small workplaces as well．

　　“The first thing people are usually judged on is their ability to perform well on a consistent basis,” says Neil P．Lewis, a management psychologist．“But if two or three candidates are up for a promotion, each of whom has reasonably similar ability, a manager is going to promote the person he or she likes best．It’s simple human nature．”

　　Yet, psychologists say, many employees and employers have trouble with the concept of politics in the office．Some people, they say, have an idealistic vision of work and what it takes to succeed．Still others associate politics with flattery(奉承), fearful that, if they speak up for themselves, they may appear to be flattering their boss for favors．

　　Experts suggest altering this negative picture by recognizing the need for some self-promotion．

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阅读理解

　　A is for always getting to work on time．

　　B is for being extremely busy．

　　C is for the conscientious(勤勤恳恳的)way you do your job．

　　You may be all these things at the office, and more．But when it comes to getting ahead, experts say, the ABCs of business should include a P, for politics, as in office politics．

　　Dale Carnegie suggested as much more than 50 years ago：Hard work alone doesn’t ensure career advancement．You have to be able to sell yourself and your ideas, both publicly and behind the scenes．Yet, despite the obvious rewards of engaging in office politics－a better job, a raise, praise－many people are still unable or unwilling－to “play the game”．

　　“People assume that office politics involves some manipulative(工于心计的)behavior,” says Deborah Comer, an assistant professor of management at Hofstra University．“But politics derives from the word ‘polite’．It can mean lobbying(游说)and forming associations．It can mean being kind and helpful, or even trying, to please your superior, and then expecting something in return．”

　　In fact, today, experts define office politics as proper behaviors used to pursue one’s own self-interest in the workplace．In many cases, this involves some forms of socializing within the office environment－not just in large companies, but in small workplaces as well．

　　“The first thing people are usually judged on is their ability to perform well on a consistent basis,” says Neil P．Lewis, a management psychologist．“But if two or three candidates are up for a promotion, each of whom has reasonably similar ability, a manager is going to promote the person he or she likes best．It’ s simple human nature．”

　　Yet, psychologists say, many employees and employers have trouble with the concept of politics in the office．Some people, they say, have an idealistic vision of work and what it takes to succeed．Still others associate politics with flattery, fearful that, if they speak up for themselves, they may appear to be flattering their boss for favors．

　　Experts suggest altering this negative picture by recognizing the need for some self-promotion．

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阅读理解

　　Recently some American schools have made changes in the traditional school year to improve student learning．

　　Some have extended the school year, or reorganized it to avoid a long summer break．Another choice is to extend the school day．A new report from the Center for Evaluation and Education Policy at Indiana University examines research into how effective this is．

　　The traditional school day has not changed much in more than a century．Activities or special programs might mean a longer day．But younger children usually go to school from about nine o’clock in the morning until about three in the afternoon．Older ones are traditionally in school from about seven a．m．until around two p．m．

　　Some high schools have changed to later start times because of findings that teenagers learn better that way．But the new report says results have been mixed．Teachers say students are more awake．But students say the changes interfere with after-school activities or jobs．

　　By 2001, almost one-third of all secondary schools had some form of block scheduling．The idea is to provide longer periods in the school day to teach basic subjects．More class time should mean better results．This is the thinking, at least．Yet a 2001 study found that secondary schools with traditional schedules had higher test scores by comparison．Schools with block scheduling did have higher scores in science, though．．

　　Experts say it is what educators do with the extra time that has the largest effect on student learning．They note a criticism that education leaders often make scheduling changes without changing the learning environment of a school．

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