A breathtaking trick potentially left over from our ancestors might be found in us — the ability to sense oxygen through our skin.
Amphibians, animals such as frogs that can live both on land and in water, have long been known to be capable of breathing through their skin. In fact, the first known lungless frog that breathes only through its skin was discovered recently in the rivers of Borneo.
Now the same oxygen sensors found in frog skins and in the lungs of mammals (哺乳动物) have unexpectedly been discovered in the skin of mice.
“No one had ever looked,” explained Randall Johnson, a biologist researcher.
Mice and frogs are quite distant relatives, so the fact they have these molecules (分子) in common in their skin suggests they might well be found in the skin of other mammals, such as humans.
“We have no reason to think that they are not in the skin of people too,” Johnson said.   These molecules not only detect oxygen, but help increase levels of vital red blood cells, which carry oxygen around the body. Normal mice breathing in air that is 10 percent oxygen—a dangerously low level similar to conditions at the top of Mount Everest, and about half that of air at sea level. However, mice that had the oxygen sensor HIF-1a genetically removed from their skin failed to produce this hormone (荷尔蒙) even after hours of such low oxygen.
These findings, if they hold true in humans, suggest one could raise the level of oxygen circulating inside the body. This could help treat lung diseases and disorders such as anemia (贫血症) without injecting drugs, which make up a multibillion-dollar market, Johnson said.
Athletes also often try to get more oxygen delivered to their muscles in order to improve their performance. They often do this by training at high altitudes or in low-oxygen tents. The new study suggests they might want to expose their skin as well as breathing in low-oxygen air to improve their performance. “It’s hard to say what exactly might be done, however—there’s a lot we don’t know yet,” Johnson explained.
The scientists detailed their findings in the April 18 issue of the journal Cell.
49. Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage?
A. Johnson believes that Oxygen sensors also exist in human skin.
B. People have to surf the Internet to read detailed findings.
C. It has been proved that these findings help treat lung diseases.
D. It has long been expected oxygen sensors exist in mice’s skin. 
50. One of the functions of the molecules mentioned above is _______.
A. carrying oxygen around the body                   B. improving athletes’ performance
C. detecting oxygen                                          D. increasing level of oxygen
51. What is Johnson’s attitude to the application of the findings to the athletes’ training?
A. Negative                  B. Doubting                  C. Positive             D. Hesitating
52. The best title of the passage may be _______.
A. Great Findings Benefits Athletes A Lot
B. Frogs And Mice Are Distant Relatives
C. First Known Animal Breathes Through Skin
D. Humans Might Sense Oxygen Through Skin

第Ⅱ卷（满分45分）

第四部分 单词拼写

（根据提示用正确形式填写下列单词或短语。共10小题，每小题1分，满分10分。）

71．The fire was reported to be set not by accident but on p____________.

72．He dressed himself up as an old lady in the party, so I hardly r__________ at first.

73．If you add a s_________ of milk to the fish soup, it will taste more delicious.

74．I advise you to share your __________(宝贵的)experience with the young teachers.

75．The Chinese language is s__________ to Japanese in spelling, but has little in common in pronunciation.

76．_________(包围) by claps and flowers, the superstar became over proud and self-satisfied.

77．Different from human beings, many animals have two or more ___________(胃)

78．How well your plants will grow depends on the quality and c____________ of the soil.

79．Before he could take back the divorce agreement, it was_______ (撕碎)into pieces by his angry wife.

80．The _____________(生产) of mobile phones has increased throughout the world.

Attitude is an internal state that influences the choices of personal action made by the individual. Some researchers consider that attitudes come from differences between beliefs and ideas; others believe that attitudes come from emotional states. Here, we focus on the effects of attitudes upon behavior, that is, upon the choices of action made by the individual.
The kinds of actions taken by human beings are obviously influenced greatly by attitudes. Whether one listens to classical music or rock, whether one obeys the speed limit while driving, whether one encourages one’s husband or wife to express his or her own ideas—all are influenced by attitudes. These internal states are acquired throughout life from situations one is faced with in the home, in the streets, and in the school.
Of course, the course of action chosen by an individual in any situation will be largely determined by the particulars of that situation. An individual who has a strong attitude of obeying laws may drive too fast when he is in a hurry and no police cars in sight. A child who has a strong attitude of honesty may steal a penny when she thinks no one will notice. But the internal state which remains unchanged over a period of time, and which makes the individual behave regularly in a variety of situations, is what is meant by an attitude.
Attitudes are learned in a variety of ways. They can result from single incidents, as when an attitude toward snakes is acquired by an experience in childhood at the sudden movement of a snake. They can result from the individual’s experiences of success and pleasure, as when someone acquires a positive attitude toward doing crossword puzzles by being able to complete some of them. And frequently, they are learned by copying other people’s behavior, as when a child learns how to behave toward foreigners by observing the actions of his parents. Regardless of these differences, there is something in common in the learning and modification（修正）of attitudes.
【小题1】 According to the passage, attitudes _________.

Attitude is an internal state that influences the choices of personal action made by the individual. Some researchers consider that attitudes come from differences between beliefs and ideas; others believe that attitudes come from emotional states. Here, we focus on the effects of attitudes upon behavior, that is, upon the choices of action made by the individual.

The kinds of actions taken by human beings are obviously influenced greatly by attitudes. Whether one listens to classical music or rock, whether one obeys the speed limit while driving, whether one encourages one’s husband or wife to express his or her own ideas—all are influenced by attitudes. These internal states are acquired throughout life from situations one is faced with in the home, in the streets, and in the school.

Of course, the course of action chosen by an individual in any situation will be largely determined by the particulars of that situation. An individual who has a strong attitude of obeying laws may drive too fast when he is in a hurry and no police cars in sight. A child who has a strong attitude of honesty may steal a penny when she thinks no one will notice. But the internal state which remains unchanged over a period of time, and which makes the individual behave regularly in a variety of situations, is what is meant by an attitude.

Attitudes are learned in a variety of ways. They can result from single incidents, as when an attitude toward snakes is acquired by an experience in childhood at the sudden movement of a snake. They can result from the individual’s experiences of success and pleasure, as when someone acquires a positive attitude toward doing crossword puzzles by being able to complete some of them. And frequently, they are learned by copying other people’s behavior, as when a child learns how to behave toward foreigners by observing the actions of his parents. Regardless of these differences, there is something in common in the learning and modification（修正）of attitudes.

1. According to the passage, attitudes _________.

2.The author uses the examples in Paragraph 3 to show _________.

3.Which of the following is TRUE about the learning of attitudes?

4.What would be the best title for the passage?

单词拼写(共15小题, 每小题1分，满分15分)

1.Generally speaking, snow announces the a__________ of winter.

2.The students can’t enter the lab without the chemistry teacher’s a___________.

3. What can you do to c____________ to the poor?

4.The twins are s__________ to each other in appearance, but they have nothing in common in nature.

5.Charlie Chaplin, a famous actor, often appeared on the stage, s________ his stick in the air.

6.Unfortunately, he was d_________ in the last election.

7.The soldiers fought bravely to d________ against the enemies for their homeland.

8.The news that our team won spread t_________ the whole school.

9.In my opinion, parents should be s________ with their kids about table manners.

10.Children have a natural c_________ about the world around them.

11.When he came to life, he found himself lying on the bed, s_________ by many people.

12.Learning English as a second language can be a big c__________.

13.The pigeon r________ peace, which is the most important thing for human being.

14.Whenever he is late, he always has v_______ reasons for his being late.

15.Everyone was silent as he a__________ the winner of competition.