Teaching involves more than leadership. Some of the teacher's time and effort is directed toward instruction, some toward evaluation. But it is the teacher as a group leader who creates an efficient organizational structure and good working environment so that instruction and evaluation activities can take place. A group, that is totally disorganized, unclear about its goals, or constantly fighting among its members, will not be a good learning group. The leadership pattern includes helping to form and maintain a positive learning environment so that instruction and evaluation activities can take place.

On the first day of class, the teacher faces a room filled with individuals. Perhaps a few closely united groups and friendships already exist. But there is no sense of group unity, no set of rules for conduct in the group, no feeling of belonging. If teachers are successful leaders, they will help students develop a system of relationships that encourages cooperation.

Standards and rules must be established that maintain order, ensure justice, and protect individual rights, but do not contradict school policy. What happens when one student hurts another's individual rights? Without clear guidelines mutually agreeable to students, teachers, and administration, the classroom can become chaotic. Students may break rules they did not know existed. If standards are set without input from the class, students may spend a great deal of creative energy in running the class environment, finding ways to break rules.

No matter how skillful the teacher is in uniting students and establishing a positive atmosphere, the task is never complete. Regular maintenance is necessary. Conflicts arise (出现). The needs of individual members change. A new kind of learning task requires a new organizational structure. Sometimes outside pressures such as holidays, upcoming tests or athletic contests, 'or family troubles cause stress in the classroom. One task for the teacher is to restore (恢复) a positive environment by helping students cope with conflict, change, and stress.

　　 1. This article is written mainly for the purpose of——.

　　　　  A. providing information for teaching

　　　　  B. studying the teacher's behavior in the classroom

　　　　  C. comparing the teacher's behaviors with students'

　　 D. teaching and organizing class

　　 2. The teacher, to some extent, is a leader because——.

　　　　  A. he is responsible for a well-organized class and a good learning environment

　　　　  B. he deals with students in the same way as a leader deals with people

　　　　  C. he should develop harmony among students

　　　　  D. he has to maintain order and give instruction and evaluation

　　 3. The teacher should do more than teach. It is his responsibility to——.

　　　　  A. create an organizational structure and a positive learning structure

　　　　  B. establish standards and roles students should follow

　　　　  C. help students deal with conflict, change, and stress

　　　　  D. all of the above

　　 4. The following statements are true of the standards and rules to be established except——.

　　　　  A. the standards and rules should maintain order

　　　　  B. the standards and rules should not violate school policy

　　　　  C. the standards and rules are accepted only by the teachers and administration

　　　　  D. the standards and rules should ensure justice and protect students' individual rights

阅读下面短文, 掌握其大意, 然后从1-10各题所给的四个选项中, 选出一个最佳答案。

    Swimming and other water sports can be great fun. Yet 1 people can not swim. Many are 2 water. They have no confidence (信心) in their ability (能力) to learn to swim well. A few years ago, scientists did experiments to find out how people learn new skills. They found that, 3 the first time a person tried a task determined whether or not he would ever be any 4 it. For example, if a child tried to roller-skate (穿四轮鞋溜冰) for the first time and did it well, then he would probably become 5 roller-skater. If he did it badly, then he would probably never be good. For this reason, it is important that a person's first step at swimming should be successful.　　Scientists also know that a 6 experience will do harm to a person's confidence. For example, if a non-swimmer (非游泳者) is 7 deep water for fun, it will take him a long time to regain (恢复) confidence in the water.　　So learner-swimmers (初学游泳者) should take each step 8 . The first thing to do is to gain confidence in the water. Never jump in at first.　　 Sit on the side. Better still, walk slowly down the steps into 9 water.Try to walk along the side of the bath. Duck (猛然低下) your head under the water, keeping your eyes open 10 . Lift your feet off the bottom and let your body float to the surface. You will soon be ready to learn to swim.

  1. A. million of　　　　   B. millions of 　　 C. millions　　　　　　 D. million to　　　　　　　　 ［　　 ］   2. A. fond of　　　　　　  B. kind to　　   　　 C. afraid of　　　　　　D. sick of　　　　　　　　　　［　　 ］   3. A. general speaking　　 B. generally spoken 　　 C. general speech　　   D. generally speaking　　　　 ［　　 ］   4. A. good at　　　　　　  B. well for 　　 C. good to　　　　　　  D. well in　　　　　　　　　　［　　 ］   5. A. a bad　　　　　　　　B. an old 　　 C. a good　　　　　　   D. a young　　　　　　　　　　［　　 ］   6. A. frightened　　　　   B. frightening 　　 C. being frightened　　 D. frightening　　　　　　　　［　　 ］   7. A. dropping into　　　　B. pushing into 　　 C. pushed into　　　　  D. dropped onto　　　　　　   ［　　 ］   8. A. very slow　　　　　　B. slowly 　　 C. very fast　　　　　　D. quickly　　　　　　　　　　［　　 ］   
  9. A. shallow (浅的)　　   B. narrow 　　 C. deep　　　　　　　　 D. wide　　　　　　　　　　   ［　　 ］   10. A. as you do　　　　   B. like you do it  　　  C. as you do so　　　　D. while you are doing　　　　［　　 ］　　  

完形填空：

阅读下面短文， 掌握其大意， 然后从1～25各题所给的四个选项中， 选出一个最佳答案．

(A)

　Swimming and other water sports can be great fun． Yet 　1　people can not swim． Many are 　2　water． They have no confidence (信心) in their ability (能力) to learn to swim well．

　A few years ago, scientists to find out how people learn new skills． They found that, 　3　,the first time a person tried a task determined whether or not he would ever be any 　4　it． For example, if a child tried to rollerskate (穿四轮鞋溜冰) for the first time and did it well, then he would probably become 　5　rollerskater． If he did it badly, then he would probably never good． For this reason, it is important that a person's first step at swimming should be successful．

　Scientists also know that a 　6　experience will do harm to a person's confidence． For example, if a nonswimmer (非游泳者) is 　7　deep water in fun, it will take him a long time to regain (恢复) confidence in the water．

　So learners-swimmers (初学游泳者) should take each step 　8　 ． The first thing to do is to gain confidence in the water． Never jump in at first． Sit on the side． Better still, walk slowly down the steps into 　9　water． Try to walk along the side of the bath． Duck (猛然低下) your head under the water, keeping your eyes open 　10　． Lift your feet off the bottom and let your body float to the surface． You will soon be ready to learn to swim．

(B)

　Of all the men who ever liked fresh air, no one like it more than James Wilson． He took long walks in the fresh air． He ran long distances in the fresh air． He played football and other games in the fresh air． He liked to climb mountains and breathe the fresh air at the top． He used to sit 　11　and watch the great waves in the fresh air． He always slept with his windows 　12　 ． He had an open car with no roof, and he drove it madly through the fresh air．

　If Wilson entered a room where the windows were shut,he immediately opened them． He did this 　13　snow was falling outside． If someone else shut the windows again, he walked out of the room in a manner which showed his opinions without any doubt． When he travelled by sea, he could 　14　in a place on board (在船上) where the wild wind was blowing through his hair．

　One winter Wilson went to Finland (芬兰) on business． Good hotels in Finland 　15　during the cold winter, and this winter was even colder than usual． When Wilson reached his room in the hotel, he found that the windows were closed to keep the icy air out． He did his best to open one,but 　16　． It was absolutely (绝对) impossible to open it because the manager had very wisely arranged that．

　Wilson undressed and got into bed． He was a very angry man．

　The bed room was on the 12． Two or three pictures on the walls showed views of some beautiful parts of Finland． There was no noise at all． The bed was really excellent, but Wilson could not sleep． He could not forget the 　17　window． No fresh air ! It was terrible to think of !

　He got 　18　and tried once more to open the window,but it was useless, and he sadly got back into bed．

　At about one o'clock in the morning he was still awake (醒着) worrying about 　19　in the bed room． He had turned over bed two hundred and thirtysix times． He was very hot． As he turned over for the two hundred and thirtyseventh time; one arm came out of the bedclothes and 　20　． His hand touched the floor． It also touched something on the floor． This thing was 　21　．

　An idea came into his worried mind． Angry men 　22　and the shoe was in his hand in less than a second． Where was the window? He could see something that looked like glass over there． He threw the shoe through the darkness with all the force of his strong right hand．

　The shoe flew straight through the air and 　23　． A terrible sound of breaking glass 　24　the bed room, but to Wilson's sad heart it seemed like the sound of sweet and beautiful music．

　“Now I have some fresh air in the room: ” he thought, “Now I 　25　”．

　Five minutes later he was peacefully asleep． He did not move for many hours．

On the first day of class, the teacher faces a room filled with individuals. Perhaps a few closely united groups and friendships already exist. But there is no sense of group unity, no set of rules for conduct in the group, no feeling of belonging. If teachers are successful leaders, they will help students develop a system of relationships that encourages cooperation.

Standards and rules must be established that maintain order, ensure justice, and protect individual rights, but do not contradict school policy. What happens when one student hurts another's individual rights? Without clear guidelines mutually agreeable to students, teachers, and administration, the classroom can become chaotic. Students may break rules they did not know existed. If standards are set without input from the class, students may spend a great deal of creative energy in running the class environment, finding ways to break rules.

No matter how skillful the teacher is in uniting students and establishing a positive atmosphere, the task is never complete. Regular maintenance is necessary. Conflicts arise (出现). The needs of individual members change. A new kind of learning task requires a new organizational structure. Sometimes outside pressures such as holidays, upcoming tests or athletic contests, 'or family troubles cause stress in the classroom. One task for the teacher is to restore (恢复) a positive environment by helping students cope with conflict, change, and stress.

　　 1. This article is written mainly for the purpose of——.

　　　　  A. providing information for teaching

　　　　  B. studying the teacher's behavior in the classroom

　　　　  C. comparing the teacher's behaviors with students'

　　 D. teaching and organizing class

　　 2. The teacher, to some extent, is a leader because——.

　　　　  A. he is responsible for a well-organized class and a good learning environment

　　　　  B. he deals with students in the same way as a leader deals with people

　　　　  C. he should develop harmony among students

　　　　  D. he has to maintain order and give instruction and evaluation

　　 3. The teacher should do more than teach. It is his responsibility to——.

　　　　  A. create an organizational structure and a positive learning structure

　　　　  B. establish standards and roles students should follow

　　　　  C. help students deal with conflict, change, and stress

　　　　  D. all of the above

　　 4. The following statements are true of the standards and rules to be established except——.

　　　　  A. the standards and rules should maintain order

　　　　  B. the standards and rules should not violate school policy

　　　　  C. the standards and rules are accepted only by the teachers and administration

　　　　  D. the standards and rules should ensure justice and protect students' individual rights