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As the railroads and the highways shaped the American West in the past centuries, a new electrical generating(发电)and transmission (输送) system for the 21st century will leave a lasting mark on the West, for better or worse. Much of the real significance of railroads and highways is not in their direct physical effect on the scenery, but in the ways that they affect the surrounding community. The same is true of big solar plants and the power lines that will be laid down to move electricity around.

The 19 th century saw land grants(政府拨地) offered to railroad companies to build the transcontinental railroads, leaving public land in between privately owned land. In much of the West, some of the railroad sections were developed while others remained undeveloped, and in both cases the landownership has presented unique challenges to land management. With the completion of the interstate highway system, many of the small towns, which sprang up as railway stops and developed well, have lost their lifeblood and died.

Big solar plants and their power lines will also have effects far beyond their direct footprint in the West. This is not an argument against building them. We need alternative energy badly, and to really take advantage of it we need to be able to move electricity around far more readily than we can now.

So trade-offs will have to be made. Some scenic spots will be sacrificed. Some species(物种) will be forced to move, or will be carefully moved to special accommodations. Deals will be struck to reduce the immediate effects.

The lasting effects of these trade-offs are another matter. The 21st century development of the American West as an ideal place for alternative energy is going to throw off a lot of power and money in the region. There are chances for that power and money to do a lot of good. But it is just as likely that they will be spent wastefully and will leave new problems behind, just like the railroads and the highways.

The money set aside in negotiated trade-offs and the institutions that control it will shape the West far beyond the immediate footprint of power plants and transmission lines. So let’s remember the effects of the railroads and the highways as we construct these new power plants in the West.

1.What was the problem caused by the construction of the railways?

A.Small towns along the railways became abandoned.

B.Land in the West was hard to manage.

C.Some railroad stops remained underused.

D.Land grants went into private hands.

2.What is the major concern in the development of alternative energy according to the last two paragraphs?

A.The use of money and power.

B.The transmission of power.

C.The conservation of solar energy.

D.The selection of an ideal place.

3.What is the author’s attitude towards building solar plants?

A.Disapproving.      B.Approving.         C.Doubtful.          D.Cautious.

4.Which is the best title for the passage?

A.How the Railways Have Affected the West

B.How the Effects of Power Plants Can Be Reduced

C.How Solar Energy Could Reshape the West

D.How the Problems of the Highways Have Been Settled

 

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The latest research suggests that the key factor separating geniuses from the merely accomplished is not I.Q., a generally bad predictor of success. Instead, it’s purposeful practice. Top performers spend more hours practising their craft. It you wanted to picture how a typical genius might develop, you’d take a girl who possessed a slightly above average language ability. It wouldn’t have to be a big talent, just enough so that she might gain some sense of distinction. Then you would want her to meet, say, a novelist, who coincidentally shared some similar qualities. Maybe the writer was from the same town, had the same family background, or shared the same birthday.

This contact would give the girl a vision of her future self. It would hive her some idea of a fascinating circle who might someday join. It would also help if one of her parents died when she was 12, giving her a strong sense of insecurity and fuelling a desperate need for success. Armed with this ambition, she would read novels and life stories of writers without end. This would give her a primary knowledge of her field. She’s be able to see new writing in deeper ways and quickly understand its inner workings.

Then she would practise writing. Her practice would be slow, painstaking and error-focused. By practising in this way, he delays the automatizing process. Her mind wants to turn conscious, newly learned skills into unconscious. Automatically performed skills. By practising slowly, by breaking skills down into tiny parts and repeating, she forces the brain to internalize a better pattern of performance. Then she would find an adviser who would provide a constant stream of feedback, viewing her performance form the outside, correcting the smallest errors, pushing her to take on tougher challenges. By now she is redoing problems—how do I get characters into a room—dozens and dozens of times. She is establishing habits of thought she can call upon in order to understand or solve future problems.

The primary quality our young writer possesses is not some mysterious genius. It’s the ability to develop a purposeful, laborious and boring practice routine; the latest research takes some of the magic out of great achievement. But it underlines a fact that is often neglected. Public discussion is affected by genetics and what we’re “hard-wired” to do. And it’s true that genes play a role in our capabilities. But the brain is also very plastic. We construct ourselves through behaviour.

1.The passage mainly deals with          .

A.the function of I.Q. in cultivating a writer

B.the relationship between genius and success

C.the decisive factor in making a genius

D.the way of gaining some sense of distinction

2.By reading novels and writers’ stories, the girl could         .

A.come to understand the inner structure of writing

B.join a fascinating circle of writers someday

C.share with a novelist her likes and dislikes

D.learn from the living examples to establish a sense of security

3.In the girl’s long painstaking training process, ________.

A.her adviser forms a primary challenging force to her success.

B.her writing turns into an automatic pattern of performance

C.she acquires the magic of some great achievement

D.she comes to realize she is “hard-wired” to write

4.What can be concluded from the passage?

A.A fuelling ambition plays a leading role in one’s success

B.A responsible adviser is more important than the knowledge of writing.

C.As to the growth of a genius, I.Q. Doesn’t matter, but just his/her effort.

D.What really matters is what you do rather than who you are.

 

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A villa (别墅) designed to resist earthquakes with “self-healing” cracks in its walls, thanks to nanotechnology (纳米技术) applications with self-healing polymers (聚合物), is to be built on a Greek mountainside. The villa’s walls will include special particles that turn into a liquid when squeezed (压榨) under pressure, flow into cracks, and then harden to form a solid material.
The NanoManufacturing Institute (NMI), based in Leeds University, will play a key role in an EU project to construct the home by December 2010. The project, called “Intelligent Safe and Secure Buildings” (ISSB) is funded under the EU’s Sixth Framework program. This potentially life-saving scheme is led by German building manufacturer Knauf. The villa will be built in Amphilochia, in western Greece, where Knauf currently runs a manufacturing plant. If the experiment is successful, more tremor-resistant(防震)homes could be built in earthquake zones across the globe. NMI chief executive Professor Terry Wilkins said, “What we’re trying to achieve here is very exciting. We’re looking to use polymers in much tougher situations than ever before on a larger scale.” Monitors contained in the villa’s walls will be able to collect vast amounts of data about the building over time. Wireless sensors(传感器) will record any stresses and vibrations, as well as temperature, humidity and gas levels.
The walls are to be built from new load-bearing steel frames and high-strength gypsum(石膏)board. Prof Wilkins said, “If there are any problems, the intelligent sensor network will be able to alert residents immediately so they have time to escape. If whole groups of houses are so constructed, we could use a larger network of sensors to get even more information. If the house falls down, we have got hand-held devices that can be used over the ruins to pick out where the embedded(嵌入的)sensors are hidden to get some information about how the villa collapsed. Also, we can get information about anyone who may be around, so it potentially becomes a tool for rescue.”
【小题1】The aim of the passage is to ________.

A.report a piece of interesting news
B.promote tremor-resistant homes
C.inform us of the nanotechnology development
D.tell us something about a tremor-resistant home
【小题2】The villa can resist earthquakes because _______.
A.it will be built on a special place
B.the cracks in its walls can be healed by the polymers
C.the special particles can make its walls stronger
D.the intelligent sensor network can tell people where there is a crack
【小题3】If the tremor-resistant home falls down, _______.
A.rescue work can be done more quickly and accurately
B.the intelligent sensor network will stop working
C.no one can be hurt in the earthquake
D.a warning signal will be given to other residents
【小题4】What Prof Wilkins said suggests that _______.
A.he is doubtful about the project
B.he thinks the tremor-resistant home is perfectly designed
C.he is confident in the tremor-resistant home
D.the tremor-resistant home still needs to be tested in a real situation
【小题5】It can be inferred from the passage that tremor-resistant home _______.
A.is still being tried out
B.is already under construction
C.has been in wide use
D.will be put into wide use soon

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Cities of Tomorrow
Middle school students combine science and imagination as they celebrate National Engineers
Week in a Future City Competition.
In the African city of Mwinda,floating farms are quite common.The city’s residents zip around in hydrogen-powered hover(盘旋的)vehicles,and renewable energy resources provide the city’s power.That’s how Jake Bowers,12,Emily Ponti,14,and Krisha Sherburne,12,imagined their future city.
The students,who attend St.Thomas More School in Baton Rouge,Louisiana,took first place
for their design last week in the 2007 National Engineer Week Future City Competition held in
Washington,D.C.The students won a trip to the U.S Space Camp in Huntsville,Alabam.
Kids from 35 middle schools across the country made it to Washington.They had teamed up
with teachers and volunteer engineer mentors(顾问,导师)to develop cities.Each team began by
creating a fictional city on SimCity 3000,a computer game that allows players to construct towns.
The students then built a tabletop model of the city,wrote an essay and presented their creation to a
panel(专门小组) of judges.This year’s theme asked students to design fuel cell powered
communities.Fuel cell technology works by using hydrogen and oxygen to produce power.The
process is environmentally friendly.
Organizers hope the competition provides a fun and educational way to spark young people’s
interest in engineering.“As the number of graduates in engineering(decreases),it’s ever more
important to encourage students to build these skills at an early age,”says John Hofmeister,
President of Shell Oill Company.Shell is a sponsor of the annual Future City contest.Judging by
this year’s competition,plenty of kids are getting the message.Some 30,000 students from more
than 1,000 schools participated in the 2006 -2007 Future City Competition.
64.What is not imagined in the three teenagers’ mind for their future city?
A.Hydrogen-powered hover vehicles.
B.The city’s power provided by renewable energy resources.
C.Floating farms.
D.Oxygen-powered floating factories.
65.Which statement is True according to the passage?
A.St.Thomas More School in Baton Rouge is in Alabama.
B.The 2007 National Engineer Week Future City Competition was held in Lounisiana.
C.The students who took first place for their design won a trip to U.S.Space Camp in
Huntsville.
D.The U.S Space Camp lies in Washington,D,C..
66.Kids from 35 middle schools_________.
A.could use computers to help them construct their future cities
B.created a real city on Simcity 3000
C.teamed up on their own to develop cities
D.built a tabletop model of the city and presented it to their teachers for judgment
67.It can be inferred that the 2006 -07 Future City Competition_________.
A.will spark young people’s interest in living in Space Camp
B.will decrease the number of graduates in engineering
C.will encourage college students to build engineering skills after their graduation
D.was participated in by 30 students on average in each school

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 All around the world, shoppers flock to Wal-Mart to buy everything.In Texas, they come for another reason: to see the wind turbine(涡轮机) , which supplies 5% of the store's electricity.It along with other facilities, such as exterior walls coated with heat-reflective paint, makes this Wal-Mart a green giant.

The laws of economics suggest that Wal-Mart, with 5, 200 stores worldwide, influences everything including the price of all kinds of goods.It throws its weight behind environmental responsibility, and the impact could be amazing."One little change in product packaging could  save 1, 500 trees," says Wal-Mart CEO Lee Scott."If everybody saves 1, 500 trees or 50 barrels of oil, at the end of the day you have made a huge difference."

Scott wants Wal-Mart to do its part too.He has promised to cut the existing greenhouse-gas emissions (排放) over the next few years and promised to construct new stores that are more efficient.He wants Wal-Mart's fleet (车队) of more than 7, 000 trucks to get twice as many miles per gallon by 2015.Factories that show Wal-Mart they're cutting air pollution will get preferential treatment in the supply chain. Wal-Mart says it's working with consumer-product manufacturers to  reduce their packaging and will reward them if they do so.

Some people may doubt it is a bid to attract attention from Wal-Mart's controversial labor and health-insurance practices.But it's not just window dressing, because Wal-Mart sees profits in going green.Scott says, "This is a business philosophy, not a social philosophyWe don't go where we don't think there's a great interest in change."

Like Bill Gates, who started his charitable foundation, Scott happens to be promoting Wal-Mart's image at a time when his company's reputation is declining.He acknowledges that he launched the plan partly to shield (保护,庇护) Wal-Mart from bad press about its contribution to global warming." By doing what we're doing today, we avoid the headline risks that are going to come for people who did not do anything," he says."At some point businesses will be held responsible for the actions they take." Meanwhile, should Wal-Mart succeed at shrinking its environmental footprint and lowering prices for green products, both the planet and the company will profit.

1.We can infer from the passage that ______.

A. Lee Scott is Wal-Mart's CEO

B. there are 5, 200 stores in the world

C. Wal-Mart has a great influence on the world market

D. Wal-Mart has more than 7, 000 trucks all over the world

2.What does the underlined sentence "This is a business philosophy, not a social philosophy." mean in the fourth paragraph?

A. Wal-Mart predicts huge profits in its green activity.

B. Wal-Mart's green activity is just window dressing.

C. Wal-Mart aims to solve its health-insurance practices.

D. Wal-Mart doesn't have any social responsibility at all.

3.What will Wal-Mart probably do in the future?

A.Reduce air pollution in its present stores.

B.Give favorable treatment to its consumers.

C.Ask the factories to reduce their packaging.

D.Demand the fleet of trucks to use more fuel than before.

4.What is the main idea of the last paragraph?

A.Provide the background of the green plan.

B.Stress the purpose of Wal-Mart's green plan.

C.Present the risk that Wal-Mart is facing nowadays.

D.Analyze the similarity between Bill Gates and Scott.

 

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