—We all know that children suffer when their parents are divorced(离婚)．

—__1__

—I have found children from one－parent families are not good at making friends and they often have difficulties getting along with other children. 

—__2__

—My research shows that these children are likely to be absent from school a lot, and have poor study habits. 

—__3__

—They often do. However, what they need most is more care, more help from both parents and school teachers.__4__

—Exactly. All these unpleasant experiences would cost a shadow(阴影)，which in turn makes them feel more disappointed in life and society. __5__

—You know what they do. Some of them leave school or home to join gangs(团伙)in the street.

A. What about their school work?

B. They do a lot of housework.

C. Do they receive punishment from their parents?

D. Yes. It's sad for them to live in a broken family.

E. Then they know what to do for others.

F. And more love, since they are growing up in a family where there may be quarrels, fights and often hate.

G. So they would do something to show their dislike of the situation.

1. ________　2. ________　3. ________　4. ________

5. ________

Not all memories are sweet. Some people spend all their lives trying to forget bad experiences. Violence and traffic accidents can leave people with terrible physical and emotional scars. Often they relive these experiences.

Now American researchers think they are close to developing a pill, which will help people forget bad memories. The pill is designed to be taken immediately after a frightening experience. They hope it might reduce, or possibly erase the effect of painful memories.

In November, experts tested a drug on people in the US and France. The drug stops the body releasing chemicals that fix memories in the brain. So far the research has suggested that only the emotional effects of memories may be reduced, not that the memories are erased.

The research has caused a great deal of argument. Some think it is a bad idea, while others support it. Supporters say it could lead to pills that prevent or treat soldier’ troubling memories after war.

They say that there are many people who suffer from terrible memories. “Some memories can ruin people’s lives. They come back to you when you don’t want to have them in a daydream or nightmare. They usually come with very painful emotions,” said Roger Pitman, a professor of psychiatry（精神病学）at Harvard Medical School. “This could relieve a lot of that suffering.”

But those who are against the research say that changing memories is very dangerous because memories give us our identity（特性）. They also help us all avoid the mistakes of the past. “All of us can think of bad events in our lives that were horrible at the time but make us who we are. I’m not sure we’d want to wipe those memories out,” said Rebecca Dresser, a medical ethicist（伦理学家）.

Some people fear that although the drug would first be used in only very serious cases, it would become more and more common. “People always have the ability to misuse science,” said Joseph Le Doux, a New York University memory researcher. “All we want to do is to help people have better control of memories.”

What’s the main idea of this passage?

       A．People often suffer from bad memories.

       B．American researchers are trying to develop a pill.

       C．Forget bad memories, and be happy.

       D．The research has caused a heated argument.

The underlined word “it” in Paragraph 4 refers to “               ”.

       A．the new drug           B．the research into the drug

       C．the bad memory             D．the chemical in the drug

Which of the following is NOT the opinion of the supporters?

       A．The pill can erase all the memories in the past.

       B．Some memories can ruin people’s lives. The pill can relieve emotional suffering.

       C．The pill can also help many other types of people who suffer from terrible memories.

       D．The pill can prevent or treat troubling memories in soldiers after war.

Which of the following is NOT the opinion of the opponents（反对者）？

       A．Our memories give us our identity.

       B．The memories help human avoid mistakes of the past.

       C．The drug should be used in only very serious cases.

       D．People may not be sure whether they want to wipe the memories out.

C

People have long debated the essence（本质）of human nature．Some people think humans are

born good．In San Zi Jing（Three Chara~er Classic），a Chinese children’s educational book from

the 13th century, we read：“Men at birth are naturally good．Their natures are similar, their habits

become different．’’

  Yet some philosophers disagree with this．They think men are born selfish and vicious（恶的）．

For example，Thomas Hobbes，the 1 7th century English philosopher argued that men are born self-

interested and with a liking for war．

Over the centuries，different philosophers have argued their cases．Now the results of a new

study，which contrasts the behavior of very young children and young chimpanzees（黑猩猩）

suggests that human beings are born sociable and helpful to others，according to a New York Times

 report．

“Of course every animal must to some extent be selfish to survive．But the biologists also see

in humans a natural willingness to help．”The New York Times science reporter Nicholas Wade writes．

Wade quotes a book published in October by American psychologist Michael Tomasello．

Tomasello writes：“When infants（婴儿）18 months old see an unrelated adult whose hands are

full and who needs help opening a door or picking up a dropped clothespin，they will immediately

help．The helping behavior seems to be innate because it appears so early and before many parents

start teaching children the rules of polite behavior．’’

Tomasello finds that this behavior is not the result of an incentive（动机）of a

reward，suggesting training does not influence it．And it seems to happen across cultures，with their different timetables for teaching social rules．For these reasons，Tomamsello concluded that helping is natural，not something taught by parents or culture．

And it seems that infants cannot only help in practical ways，it can also help with information，

Tomasello writes．From the age of 1 2 months they will point at objects thin all adult pretends to

have lost．Chimpanzees，by contrast，never point at things for each other, and when they point for

people．it seems to be as a command to go fetch something rather than to share information．

49．What is the article mainly about?

      A．The behavior of young children．

      B．Former philosophies about human nature.

      C．The difference between babies and baby chimpanzees.

      D．A new study of human nature．

50．According to Michael Tomasello, human beings are born __________.

       A．similar to chimpanzees in nature        B．selfish and Vicious

       C．sociable and helpful       D．with a liking for war

51．Of all the following，__________has a negative attitude towards human nature.

      A．Three Character           B．Thomas Hobbes

      C．Nicholas Wade        D．Michael Tomasello

52．According to the study，it's safe to say that __________.

       A．human beings are not selfish

       B．children like to help others when they get a reward

       C．different countries teach social rules at different times

       D．children tend to be helpful if they are taught early

Catch yourself daydreaming while washing the dishes again? If this happens often you probably have a pretty capable working memory and a sharper brain, new research suggests.

This mind wandering, it seems, actually gives your working memory a workout. Working memory is the mental work space that allows the brain to juggle multiple thoughts at the same time. The more working memory a person has, the more daydreaming they can do without forgetting the task at hand.

Researchers studied groups of people from the University of Wisconsin－Madison community, ranging in age from 18 to 65. The volunteers were asked to perform simple tasks, like pressing a button every time they took a breath or clicking in response to a letter popping up on a computer screen; these tasks were so easy that their minds were likely to wander, the researchers figured.

The researchers checked in periodically, asking the participants if their minds were on task or wandering. When the task was over, they measured each participant's working memory capacity by having them remember letters while doing math questions. Though all participants performed well on the task, the researchers noticed that the individuals who indicated their minds had wandered more than others also scored higher on the working memory test.

“What this study seems to suggest is that, when circumstances for the task aren't very difficult, people who have additional working memory resources allocate them to think about things other than what they're doing，” said Jonathan Smallwood, a study researcher of the Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitve and Brain Science.

When our minds run out of working memory, these off－topic thoughts can take the main stage without us consciously meaning them to; for instance, arriving at home with no memory of the actual trip, or suddenly realizing that they've turned several pages in a book without understanding any of the words.

“It's almost like your attention was so absorbed in the mind wandering that there wasn't any left over to remember your goal to read，” study researcher Daniel Levinson, said in a statement.

People with overall higher working memory were better able to stay focused when the task at hand required it. Those who had low working memory often had their thoughts drift away from the task, and did less well at it.

The findings add to past research suggesting these mind drifts can be positive moments. For instance, daydreaming has often been associated with creativity—researchers think that our most creative and inventive moments come when daydreaming. It's likely that the most intelligent among us also have high levels of working memory, Levinson noted.

1.The word “juggle” in the second paragraph can be replaced by “________”．

A. handle  B. search  C. understand  D. distribute

2.What can be concluded from Jonathan Smallwood's words?

A. People who often have daydreams probably own a pretty capable working memory.

B. On the working memory test, people with wandering minds will get high score.

C. Absorbed in the mind wandering, your attention left no space for your goal.

D. Dealing with some easy jobs, people with higher working memory will daydream.

3.What is the best title of the passage?

A. Mind drifts are always positive.

B. Daydreaming is good for the mind.

C. Creative moments come with working memory.

D. The more daydreaming, the more effectively one works.