botany, applied science and many other subjects——青夏教育精英家教网—

摘要： botany, applied science and many other subjects

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阅读理解

　　WASHINGTON(AP)－Astronomers believe they’ve found the oldest thing they’ve ever seen in the universe：It’s a galaxy(星系)far, far away from a time long, long ago．

　　Hidden in a Hubble Space Telescope photo released earlier this year is a small point of light that European astronomers now calculate is a galaxy from 13．1 billion years ago．That’s a time when the universe was very young, just about 600 million years old．That would make it the earliest and most distant galaxy seen so far．

　　By now the galaxy is so ancient it probably doesn’t exist in its earlier form and has already changed into bigger neighbors, said Matthew Lehnert of the Paris Observatory, lead author of the study published online Wednesday in the journal Nature．

　　“We are looking at the universe when it was a 20th of its current age,” said California Institute of Technology astronomy professor Richard Ellis, who wasn’t part of the discovery team．“In human terms, we’re looking at a 4-year-old boy in the lifetime of an adult．”

　　While Ellis finds the basis for the study “pretty good”, there have been other claims about the age of distant space objects that have not held up to careful examination．And some experts have questions about this one．But even the doubters praised the study as important and interesting．

　　The European astronomers calculated the age after 16 hours of observations from a telescope in Chile that looked at light signatures of cooling hydrogen gas．

　　Earlier this year, astronomers had made a general estimate of 600 to 800 million years after the Big Bang(宇宙大爆炸)for the most distant unclear points of light in the Hubble photograph, which was presented at an astronomy meeting back in January．

　　In the new study, researchers focused on a single galaxy in their analysis of hydrogen’s light signature, further finding out the age．Garth Illingworth of the University of California, Santa Cruz, who was the scientist behind the Hubble image, said it provided confirmation for the age using a different method, something he called amazing “for such faint objects”．

(1)

We can learn from the passage that _________．
[　　]
A．	the universe came into being about 14 billion years ago
B．	the galaxy is believed to be the same as it was just born
C．	the newly-discovered galaxy is the oldest one in the universe
D．	the galaxy had traveled about 600 millions before the scientists found it

(2)

We can infer from the fourth paragraph that _________．
[　　]
A．	the universe is actually very young
B．	the life-time of the universe is surprisingly long
C．	the humans have been so able as to see far into the universe
D．	what we can see about the universe now is just the tip of the iceberg

(3)

What did some people doubt according to the fifth paragraph?
[　　]
A．	The importance of the discovery
B．	The truth of the discovery
C．	The actual age of the new galaxy
D．	The size of the new galaxy

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　　阅读理解：阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中，选出最佳选项．

　　ROME (AP)－Roadways buckled under the scorching sun in Germany, water levels on the Danube and other rivers dropped and wildfires forced tourists and residents to flee Wednesday as record-breaking heat, blamed for at least 37 deaths, tormented Europe.

　　Londoners experienced the hottest day in the city's history when the temperature hit 35.4 degrees C, beating the 35 degrees recorded in 1990．Then a British Airways Concorde was forced to make an unscheduled stop in Gander, Nfld., during a flight from London to New York to refuel.

　　The day's high in Paris, of 39.5 degrees fell just shy of the all-time record of 40.4 degrees set in 1947.

　　“One can safely say that this is one of the hottest summers of the last 50 years,” said Capt. Alessandro Fuccello, of the Italian air force's meteorology office. He was speaking about Italy, but the heat wave was the hottest in recent memory in much of Europe.

　　Air conditioning is uncommon in much of northern Europe because it doesn't usually get so hot and it's discouraged in the south, where temperatures are often warmer, with high energy costs.

　　Exhausted firefighters were battling Portugal's worst wildfires in recent memory. The discovery of two bodies in a burned forest 300 kilometres northeast of Lisbon brought the death toll in that country to at least 14.

　　Two people in southern Spain died of heat stroke, raising the death toll to 14 in the heat wave stifling much of the country. Among the deaths was a firefighter who had a heart attack Tuesday after battling a blaze.

　　Forest fires fanned by hot winds near the French Riviera last week killed four people, and a fifth person died in Corsica when he tried to put out a fire near his home.

　　Belgium's Royal Meteorological Institute predicted it could reach 40 degrees Thursday－the highest temperature it has ever forecast since its founding in 1833-and several rivers were declared off-limits to kayakers because of low water levels.

1．Some parts of ________ have broken their heat records so far this year.

[　　]

A．Britain and Germany

B．France and Britain

C．Italy and Britain

D．Belgium and Portugal

2．It can be inferred from the report that________.

[　　]

A．people in southern Europe are happy to use air-conditioning

B．the hotter it is, the more petrol will be needed by a plane

C．more deaths were caused by forest fires than by heat in Europe

D．forest fires will come about when there are hot winds

3．As far as the places mentioned in the passage are concerned, people would prefer to go to ________ to spend this summer.

[　　]

4．Which of the following might be the best title for the report?

[　　]

A．Europe: wildfires caused by heat

B．Europe: swept by unusual heat waves

C．Europe: deaths caused by heat

D．Europe: suffering the hottest summer

5．The meaning of the underlined word “predicted” (the last paragraph) is close to that of ________.

[　　]

阅读理解

　　TOKYO(AP)-An express train traveling through strong winter winds derailed(出轨)in northern Japan, killing four people and injuring more than 30, officials said Monday．

　　Five cars of the six-car express train derailed Sunday evening, three of them toppling(倾倒)onto their sides in Yamagata prefecture(辖区), about 180 miles north of Tokyo, officials said．The train was going from northern Akita to Niigata prefecture．

　　The injuries of the survivors did not appear to be life-threatening, Yamagata police spokesman Yoshikatsu Oe said．It was unclear how many passengers were on the train, but Oe said most of the injured were in the first two cars．

　　The dead included two men and two women, and rescuers planned to lift the wreckage(残骸)later in the day to see if any other passengers remained beneath, officials said．

　　Transport Ministry official Hiromi Mishima said it was not known what caused the derailment and officials were assessing the extent(程度)of the damage．Railway operator JR East Co．President Mutsutake Otsuka apologized for the accident at a news conference Monday morning and promised a thorough investigation(调查)．

　　Yamagata police official Yasuhiro Sugiu said there had been high speed wind warnings for the area．According to a train conductor, a strong gust(阵风)hit the train just before the accident．Winds in the area were about 48 mph, Kyodo News agency reported．

　　Authorities said they did not know how fast the train was going．Speed was believed to be a factor in an April 25 train wreck that killed 107 people and injured more than 500 others in Amagasaki, western Japan．That accident was Japan’s worst train wreck since 1963．

(1)

This report is about a train accident that happened _________．
[　　]
A．	in Yamagata on Sunday evening
B．	in Tokyo on Monday
C．	in Niigata on Sunday evening
D．	in Amagasaki on April 25

(2)

Which of the following has not yet been made clear about the derailed train?
[　　]
A．	The number of its cars．
B．	Its running direction．
C．	The number of the survivors in its derailment．
D．	The time of the train accident．

(3)

We can infer from the passage that _________．
[　　]
A．	speed was certainly a factor leading to the train derailment
B．	the train operator was a careless man．
C．	the gust was strong enough to derail the train
D．	authorities would try to find out the speed at which the train was running

(4)

The underlined word “wreck” in the last paragraph most probably means “_________”．
[　　]
A．	operation
B．	crash
C．	competition
D．	business

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阅读理解

　　Botany, the study of plants, plays a strange role in the history of human knowledge．For many thousands of years it was one field about which humans had little knowledge．It is impossible to know today just what our Stone Age Ancestors knew about plants, but from what we can observe of preindustrial societies that still exists, a detailed learning of plants and their properties(特征)must be very ancient．This is reasonable．Plants are the basis of the food pyramid for all living things, even for other plants．They have always been greatly important to the good of peoples, not only for food, but also for clothing, weapons, tools, medicines, housing, and a great many other purposes．Tribes(部落)living today in the woods of the Amazon recognize hundreds of plants and know many properties of each．To them botany, as such, has no name and is probably not even recognized as a special branch of knowledge at all．

　　Unfortunately, the more industrialized we become the farther away we move from direct relation with plants, and the less clear our knowledge of botany grows．Yet everyone comes unconsciously on a surprising amount of botanical knowledge, and few people will fail to recognize a rose or an apple．When our New Stone Age ancestors, living in the Middle East about 10 000 years ago, discovered that certain grasses could be harvested and their seeds planted for richer production the next season, the first great step in a new connection of plants and humans was taken．Grains were discovered and from them flowed the marvel of agriculture：planted crops．From then on, humans would increasingly take their living from the controlled production of a few plants, rather than getting a little here and a little there from many varieties that grew wild and the collected knowledge of tens of thousands of years of experience and close relations with plants in the wild would begin to disappear．

(1)

Which of the following assumptions(假设)about early humans is expressed in the passage?
[　　]
A．	They probably had wide knowledge of plants．
B．	They clearly divided knowledge into separate fields
C．	They did not enjoy the study of botany．
D．	They placed great importance on ownership of property．

(2)

According to the passage, why has general knowledge of botany decreased?
[　　]
A．	People no longer value plants as a useful resource．
B．	Botany is not recognized as a special branch of science．
C．	Research is unable to keep up with the increasing number of plants．
D．	Direct relation with a variety of plants has decreased．

(3)

In paragraph 2, the underlined word “marvel” is closest in meaning to ________．
[　　]
A．	edge
B．	sign
C．	beginning
D．	wonder

(4)

According to the passage, what was the first great step toward the practice of agriculture?
[　　]
A．	The invention of agriculture tools and machines．
B．	The development of a system of names for plants．
C．	The discovery of grasses that could be harvested and replanted．
D．	The changing food of early humans．

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完形填空

　　At first I couldn't believe it! There were no 1 in rows; no bells rang; no one had to go to 2 . Although we all lived “in”, 3 made us go to bed at a certain time; there was no “lights out”.

　　The 4 thing was that practically all the students went to class, and very few people stayed up late at night. Only the new people stayed up or 5 class. The new ones always went wild at first, but this never lasted long.

　　The 6 took some getting used to. Our teachers treated us like 7 ; never did we have to 8 “stand up”, “speak out”. I don't 9 one student who didn't try his best.

　　The subjects were the same as those in 10 school, but what a difference in the approach (方式)! For example, in botany (植物学) we had no classes in spring or fall, but instead we 11 two gardens, a vegetable garden and a flower garden. Then in winter we each studied a few 12 things about what we had grown. In math the students built three different kinds of storerooms-small ones 13 , but unusual. They did this instead of having lessons in the classroom. They really had a 14 time too, designing everything, drawing the blueprints, 15 the angles (角度) and so on. I didn't take math. I can't stand it! Besides, I could do the things with numbers. That's 16 ! 17 , I think I am a 18 person for having gone to the school. I can read and write as well as anyone else of my age, and I can think better. That's probably a real big 19 between the free school and regular school—the amount of 20 .