When an emergency situation occurs, observers are more likely to take action if there are few or no other witnesses. This phenomenon is referred to as the bystander （旁观者）effect．

The bystander effect is also called the Genovese effect, which is named after Catherine “Kitty" Genovese, a young woman who was cruelly murdered on March 13, 1964. Early in the morning, 28-year-old Genovese was returning home from work. As she approached her apartment entrance, she was attacked and stabbed（刺）by a man later identified as Winston Moseley. Despite Genovese's repeated cries for help, none of people in the nearby apartment building who heard her cries called police for help. The attack first began at 3:20, but it was not until 3:50 that someone first contacted police．

Many psychologists were set thinking by the incident, as well as most Americans. As the conclusion, the bystander effect came out and later proved by a series of studies and experiments.

There are two major factors that contribute to the bystander effect. First, the presence of other people creates a division of responsibility. Because there are other observers, individuals do not feel as much pressure to take action, since the responsibility to take action is thought to be shared among all of those present. The second reason is the need to behave in correct and socially acceptable ways. When other observers fail to react, individuals often take this as a signal that a response is not needed or not appropriate.

Other researchers have found that onlookers are less likely to take action if the situation is ambiguous. In the case of Kitty Genovese, many of the 38 witnesses reported that they believed that they were witnessing a "lovers' quarrel", and did not realize that the young woman was actually being murdered．

1.. The bystander effect is also called the Genovese effect because   a woman surnamed Genovese．  

      A. it somehow caused the murder of   

      B. its discovery resulted from the murder of

      C. it was actually discovered by     

      D. it always makes people think of

2.. Genovese was murdered          .     ．  

      A. while she was going out                B. in her apartment

      C. halfway home                       D. near her apartment

3.. Which can NOT have been a possible reason for the neighbors NOT offering Genovese help?

A. They believed in the bystander effect．               

      B. They thought someone else might help her．

      C. They didn't think they should help．  

      D. They didn't think she needed help．

4.. Before deciding to offer help, observers may           , according to the psychologists． 

      A. wait for sort of a signal     

      B. hesitate and estimate the risk of getting hurt

      C. want to be sure it's appropriate to react 

      D. wonder if the victim is worth helping

5.. The article seems to suggest that, if there had been         observers, Genovese might not have been murdered．   

    A. no              B. fewer                C. more             D. braver

It’s widely known that first aid is_______ important and you can save lives if the right action is taken.

   A. terribly  B．hardly         C. scarcely        D．rarely

You’re rushing to work and a man ahead of you collapses on the sidewalk. Do you stop to help? In a study of by-standers, it was found that some people avert their gaze and keep on  walking rather than stop and get involved.

“There is a tendency to decide that no action is needed.” says a psychologist. “The first thoughts that pop into your mind often keep you from offering help. In order to take action, you have to work against them.” Here are some common thoughts that might prevent you from helping.

● Why should I be the one? I’m probably not the most competent（有能力的）person in this crowd. You might think someone older or with more medical knowledge should offer assistance.

● What if he doesn’t really need my help? The fear of embarrassment is powerful; no one wants to risk looking foolish in front of others.

● No one else looks concerned- this must not be a problem. We can follow the people around us, but most people tend to hold back their emotions in public.

“If you spot trouble and find yourself explaining inaction, force yourself to stop and evaluate the situation instead of walking on,” says the psychologist. “Then retry to involve other people; you don’t have to take on the entire responsibility of being helpful. Sometimes it’s just a matter of turning to the person next to you and saying, ‘It looks like we should do something.’ Or asking someone if an ambulance has been called and, if not, to call for one. Once you take action, most people will follow you.”

1.Which is NOT the common thought that stops you from helping others?

A．I’m not the very person capable of setting the problem.

B．It looks like we should do something.

C．It must not be a problem as no one else is concerned.

D．He doesn’t really need my help.

2.According to a study of by-standers, what will some people do when a man ahead falls down on the sidewalk?

A．They will call for help and then walk away.

B．They will stop and offer help.

C．They will turn away their eyes and go on walking.

D．They will laugh at him.

3.We learn from the last paragraph that if we spot trouble,        .

A．we should call the ambulance as soon as we can

B．we should stop and evaluate the situation and try to make other people follow

C．we should take on the whole responsibility and do something alone

D．we should turn to other people and ask them to take on the responsibility

4.In order to offer others your timely help, you need to      .

A．ask others for help and call the police

B．get along well with the passers-by who spot the trouble

C．go directly to the police station

D．work against the first thoughts that prevent you offering help

5.The main purpose of the text is to tell readers      .

A．to give others a hand

B．to be more competent

C．not to risk looking foolish

D．to stop and evaluate the situation

III阅读（共两节，满分40分）

第一节   阅读理解（共15小题：每小题2分，满分30分）

阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D 选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。

A Magical Experience

One hot August afternoon, Deena Hoagland and her son Joe sat on a floating platform at Dolphins Plus, a marine（海洋）center near their home in Florida. Nearby, a large, powerful, six-hundred-pound dolphin circled to study the mother and her child. Suddenly, it splashed the Hoaglands with water. That is when something amazing happened. Three-year-old Joe Hoagland smiled. Sitting with Joe on her lap, Deena smiled, too, as her heart leapt with joy. It was the first sign of hope she had seen in Joe since his stroke（中风）six weeks earlier.

Joe Hoagland was born with a rare heart condition that had forced him to spend much of his first three years of life in hospitals. After a series of open-heart surgeries, Joe seemed to be doing better, but the last surgery on his heart resulted in a stroke, which left him unable to move one side and to see out of one eye.

Worse still, the spirit of the child, who had bravely battled his illness until then was seemingly broken. Afraid of his doctors and unwilling to participate in efforts at physical therapy（治疗）, Joe grew listless, losing interest even in his favorite toys.

Having heard of a new therapeutic approach termed “dolphin-assisted therapy,” Deena phoned Dolphins Plus and asked permission to bring her son along. There Joe met Fonzie, the playful dolphin. With each passing visit, Joe seemed to make more progress. Before long, he was regaining some movement on his left side. Dolphins Plus trainers urged Joe to get into the water and swim with his new friend. Joe, however, was reluctant. Gradually, though, Joe became more comfortable with the large dolphin, and by mid-September, Joe was swimming with his friends.

Over the next two years, Joe fully recovered from the paralysis and partial blindness that his doctors thought irreversible. Now a healthy, active teenager, Joe lives a life similar to any of his friends. He visits and swims frequently with his friend Fonzie and helps his parent with Island Dolphin Care. Deena started Island Dolphin Care to work with Dolphins Plus to share the benefits of dolphin therapy with other special-needs children and their parents.

41．Deena Hoagland smiled when Fonzie splashed Joe with water because             .

A．the dolphin’s action is amazing             B．Joe’s reaction brought her hope

C．she was affected by Joe’s joy               D．she realized Joe recovered

42．Paragraph 2-4 are written to           .

A．expose the dangers of strokes

B．identify the problems Joe faced

C．describe Joe’s recovery from beginning to end

D．show readers the process of “dolphin-assisted therapy”

43．What does the underlined word mean in paragraph 3?

A．angry and inflexible                        B．more mature and silent

C．lacking energy and concern                  D．cautious and shy

44. Which statement about Joe is Not True?

A. Joe received several surgeries on the heart when he was a little child.

B. Joe was the first one to receive dolphin-assisted therapy.

C. Doctors used to think that Joe could not recover.

D. Now Joe worked with his parents in the Island Dolphin Care.

45．We may conclude from the passage that            .

A．dolphin therapy has helped many children to improve their lives

B．Joe recovered faster because of his desire to live with Fonzie

C．doctors’ mistake during his surgeries brought Joe great pain

D．his mother’s company contributes greatly to Joe’s recovery

Complete the sentence with the right word. The first letter of the word is given. (10 points)

1.There is n_______________ like a holiday to make us feel bored on the beaches.

2.He was deeply m______________ by the moving novel.

3.I will a____________________ it if you help me out of the difficulty.

4.Our a_________________ towards English learning should be improved usually.

5.The opening c__________________of the Olympic Games was so wonderful that it improved us with its fireworks.

6.The p__________________of our school is so strict that we dare not come to school late, or  we will be punished by our headteachers.

7.We often do much r______________ before exams to pass the exams.

8.He was a____________ to Beijing University this year,and he is the only one to study there.

9.In the lab , we do experiments following the i_________________ of our teacher.

10.My first day at senior high school was u______________________, and it will live in my heart.