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　　Tony Morrison has won this year’s Nobel Prize for Literature．Tony Morrison is sixty-two years old．She was born in Lorain, Ohio．She is the daughter of farmers who moved to Ohio from the southern state of Alabama．She studied at Harvard University in Washington D．C．and Cornell University in Ithaca, New York．

　　Her first success came in 1970 with the book called The Bluest Eye．It tells the story of a young black girl in a society where golden hair and blue eyes are considered beautiful．Her next book was called Sulla．It tells the story of two black girls and pain in their lives as they grow up in a small town in Ohio．Her book The Song of Solomon is about a black man who tries to forget his past as a slave and begin a new life．And Tar Baby explores the relationship of a black man and a black woman．In the story the writer argues that black men and women can not get along with each other until they join together to fight racial hatred(种族仇视)．

　　Miss Morrison won America’s highest prize for literature, the Pulitzer Prize in 1988 for her book Beloved．It is a powerful story of a slave woman who kills her baby daughter so she will not grow up to be a slave, too．Her latest book Jazz was published last year．It tells about the sad stories in the lives of a black man and woman who moved from a small town in the south to New York City．It took place in the 1920s, a time when Jazz music became popular in America．

　　Tony Morrison is a professor in literature at Princeton University in New Jersey．She says the most wonderful thing about winning the Nobel Prize is that it has finally been awarded to an African American writer．The prize is valued at more than 800 000 dollars．It will be awarded on Dec．10 in Stockholm in Sweden．

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Migrating Birds May Spread Flu

　　Every year, residents of Kunming, Yunnan Province welcome thousands of black headed gulls(红嘴鸥)with food and happy laughter．The lovely white birds fly from Siberia to stay in the Dianchi area of the city in winter．But this year the white angels are no longer lovely in locals eyes, due to their fear of bird flu．

　　Although scientists have not found the deadly virus in the birds, few people will dare to risk their lives to feed the birds this year．

　　Across the world, wild migratory birds(候鸟)seem to have become public enemy number one．Since the deadly H5N1 bird flu virus was discovered not only in Asia but also as far away as Europe and Africa, migratory birds were regarded as the carriers．Geographically speaking(从地理上说), the spread of bird flu appears to be following the migratory routes of wild birds．Bird flu is a common disease among wild migratory birds．But the virus may change itself when transferred to fowls and human．

　　Since the World Health Organization warned last month that migratory birds could carry the deadly H5N1 virus that causes bird flu, many countries, like China, have started tracking migratory birds and cleaning up poultry markets(家禽市场)．China also cancelled(取消)all pigeon races last week．

　　Scientists said that the migratory routes of wild birds are often far away from big cities．The risk of transferring(传染)the virus directly from wild birds to humans is very low．Scientists also warned that wild birds are shy creatures．They see you coming and fly away at once．But if a wild bird becomes easy to approach, people should be careful that it may be sick．

　　There are already three areas hit by bird flu in the provinces of Hunan and Anhui and the northern region of Inner Mongolia, areas all on the migratory routes of wild birds．In the past two weeks China has reported three outbreaks of the H5N1 virus that killed 3800 chickens, ducks and geese(鹅)．

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　　Gestures are the silent language of every culture．We point a finger or move another part of the body to show what we want to say．It is important to know the body language of every country or we may be misunderstood．

　　In the US, people greet each other with a handshake in a formal discussion．The handshake must be firm．If the handshake is weak, it is a sign of weakness or unfriendliness．Friends may place a hand on the other’s arm or shoulder．Some people, usually women, greet each other with a hug(拥抱)．

　　Space is important to Americans．When two people talk to each other, they usually stand about 2．5 feet away and at an angle, so they are not facing each other directly．Americans get uncomfortable when a person stands too close．They will move back to have their space．If Americans touch another person by accident, they say, “Pardon me．” or “Excuse me．”

　　Americans like to look at the other in the eyes when they are talking．If you don’t do so, it means you are bored, hiding something, or are not interested．When you stare at someone, however, it is not polite．

　　For Americans, thumbs up means “yes”, “very good” or “well done”．Thumbs down means the opposite．To call a waiter, one might put up one hand to head level or above．To show you want the check, make a movement with your hands as you are signing a piece of paper．It is all right to point at things but not at people with the hand and index finger(食指)．Americans shake their index fingers at children when they scold them and pat them on the head when they admire them．

　　Learning a culture’s body language is sometimes confusing(困惑的)．If you don’t know what to do, the safest thing to do is to smile．