For many years, no one could communicate with people who had been born without learning. These deaf people were not able to use a spoken language.

       But, beginning in the 1700s, the deaf were taught a special language. Using this language, they could share thoughts and ideas with others. The language they used was a language without sound. It was a sign language.

       How did this sign language work?  The deaf were taught to make certain movements with their hands, faces and bodies. These movements stood for things and ideas. A man might move his finger across his lips. This meant, “You are not telling the truth.” He might tap his chin (下巴, 下颚)with three fingers. This meant “my uncle”.

       The deaf were also taught to use a finger alphabet（字母表）. They used their fingers to make letters of the alphabet. In this way, they spelled out words. Some deaf people could spell out words at a speed of 130 words per minute.

       Sign language and finger spelling are not used as much as they once could. Today, the deaf are taught to understand others by watching their lips. They are also taught how to speak.

The passage is mainly about ___ .

how the deaf communicate with others

teaching the deaf to speak with their mouths

learning how to spell words with one’s hands

how sign languages came into being

From the passage we can infer that ___.

there is still no way to communicate with the deaf

B. the deaf must have special teachers to teach them

C. in order to make a living, deaf people must make signs

D. it is not very difficult for the deaf to learn sign language

How did sign languages help the deaf?

It helped them learn to read

B. The deaf could understand sign languages even if they had not learned them

C. It helped them to communicate with other people

D. It helped them speak with their mouths

Which of the following sentences do you think is right according to the passage?

Deaf people draw signs                B. Deaf people read with their fingers

C. Many deaf people now can speak     D. Deaf people can hear what others say now

For some time past,it has been widely accepted that babies—and other creatures—learn to do things because certain acts lead to “rewards(报酬)”,and there is no reason to doubt that this is true. But it used also to be widely believed that effective rewards, at least in the early time, had to be directly connected to such basic physiological(生理的) “drives” as thirst or hunger. In other words, a baby would learn if he got food or drink or some sort of physical comfort, not otherwise.?

It is now clear that this is not so. Babies will learn to behave in ways that produce results in the world with no reward except success in sight.?

Papousek began his studies by using milk in the normal way to “reward” the babies and to teach them to carry out some simple movements, such as turning the head to one side or the other.Then he noticed that a baby who had  had enough to drink would refuse the milk but would still go on making the learned response(回答) with clear signs of pleasure. So he began to study the children's responses in situations where no milk was provided. He quickly found that children as young as four months would learn to turn their heads to right or left if the movement “turned on” some lights—and indeed that they were able to learn some more turns to bring about(产生) this result,for example,two left or two right,or even to make as many as three turns to one side.?

Papousek's light experiment was placed directly in front of the babies and he made the interesting observation that sometimes they would not turn back to watch the light closely ?although? they would “smile and speak” when the light was on.Papousek concluded that it was not the sight of the lights which pleased them.It was the success they were achieving in solving the problem,in mastering the skill,and then there is a basic human nature to make sense of the world and bring it under control.?

According to the writer,babies learn to do things which _______.?

A. will satisfy their surprise B. will meet their physical needs?

C. are directly connected to pleasure D. will bring them a feeling of success

Papousek noticed in his studies that a baby _______.

A. would make learned responses when it saw the milk ?

B. would continue the simple movements without being given milk ?

C. would turn its head to right or left when it had enough to drink?

D. would carry out learned movements when it had enough to drink ?

In Papousek's experiment babies make learned movements of the head in order to _______.

A. be praised  B. please their parents?

C. be rewarded with milk D. have the lights turned on ?

The babies would “smile and speak” at the lights because _______.?

A. they succeeded in “turning on” the lights?

B. the sight of lights was interesting?

C. they need not turn back to watch the lights?

D. the lights were directly connected to some basic “drives”

For centuries, the body’s blood has been linked closely with the emotions．People who show no human emotions or feelings, are said to be cold-blooded killer．For example, the police are searching for a cold-blooded killer．He seems to kill for no reason, and no emotion, as if taking someone’s life as nothing．

       Cold can affect other parts of the body．The expression “get cold feet” has nothing to do with cold or your feet．The expression means being afraid to do something you have decided to do．For example, you agree to be president of an organization．But then you learn that all the other officers have resigned, and all the work of the organization will be your responsibility．You are likely to get cold feet about being president when you understand the situation．

       The expression “give someone the cold shoulder” probably comes from the physical act of turning your back toward someone, instead of speaking to him face to face．You may give a cold shoulder to a friend who has not kept a promise he made to you．Or, to someone who has lied about you to others．

       A cold fish is not a fish．It is a person．But it is a person who is unfriendly, unemotional and shows no love or warmth．A cold fish does not offer much of himself to anyone．Someone who is a cold fish could be cold-hearted．Now a cold-hearted person is someone who has no sympathy．Several popular songs in recent years were about cold-hearted men or cold-hearted women who, without feelings, broke the hearts of their lovers．

       Out in the cold means not getting something that everybody else got．A person might say that everybody but him got a pay raise---he was left out in the cold．And it is not a pleasant place to be．

There are _________ expressions related to cold that are mentioned in the passage．

       A．3           B．4                   C．6                   D．7

When you refuse to speak to a man and treat him in a distant way, you may express by “_________”．

       A．I give him the cold shoulder                 B．I think he is a cold-blooded man

       C．I think he is a cold fish                     D．I’m likely to get cold feet

If Sue shows absolutely no reaction to those awful pictures of starving children in Africa, you will say _________．

       A．she is a cold-blooded killer  B．she gets cold feet

       C．she is a cold fish                   D．she is out in the cold

We can use the expression “__________” to describe a man who abandons or hurts his lover without mercy．

       A．cold-blooded            B．cold shoulder      

C．cold feet            D．cold-hearted

The topic of this passage is about _________．

       A．the relationship between cold and our body

       B．some expressions about friendship

       C．some expressions connected with cold

       D．how cold weather comes into being

For many years, no one could communicate with people who had been born without hearing. These deaf people were not able to use a spoken language.

   But, beginning in the 1700s, the deaf were taught a special language. Using the language, they could share thoughts and ideas with others. The language they used was a language without sound. It was a sign language.

How did this sign language work? The deaf were taught to make certain movements using their hands, faces and bodies. Their movements stood for things and ideas. A man might move his forefinger across his lips. This meant, “You are not telling the truth.” He might tap his chin with three fingers. This meant, “my uncle.” The deaf were also taught to use a finger alphabet. They used their fingers to make the letters of the alphabet. In this way, they spelled out words. Some deaf people could spell out words at a speed of 130 words per minute.

  Sign language and finger spelling are not used as much as they once were. Today the deaf are taught to understand others by watching their lips. They are also taught how to speak.

The story does not say so, but it makes you think that_______.

A. the deaf must have special teachers

B. there is still no way to communicate with the deaf

C. deaf people make signs to make a living

D. deaf people are not as clever as normal people

On the whole the story is about______.

A. how the deaf communicate           B. leaning to spell

C. teaching the deaf to speak         D. writing sign language

How did sign language help the deaf?

A. It helped them to learn to read.

B. It helped them communicate with other people.

C. The deaf could understand Indian sign language.

D. The deaf could move their thumbs across their lips

Which of these sentences do you think is right?

A. Deaf people draw signs.

B. Deaf people read with their fingers.

C. Many deaf people now can speak.

D. Deaf people teach themselves a sign language.

For as long as humans have lived on the earth, they have made use of various forms of communication. Generally, this expression of thoughts and feelings has been in the form of oral speech. When there is a spoken language problem, communication can be carried out through sign language, in which gestures stand for letters, words, and ideas. Tourists and people unable to hear or speak have often had to turn to this form of expression. When gestures describe words or ideas, they can often be used internationally. When used for spelling words however, where each gesture stands for a single letter, people must share the same written language.

Body language sends ideas or thoughts by certain actions, either meaningfully or not. A wink can be a way of showing that the person is only joking. A nod means agreement, while shaking the head indicates disagreement.

Other forms of language can be found in Braille (a reading system of raised dots read with the fingertips used by the blind), signal flags, Morse code, and smoke signals. Road maps and picture signs also guide and warn people. While language is the most common form of communication, other systems and techniques also express human thoughts and feelings.

What does the author mainly want to say?

A. People can communicate in many different ways.

B. Everybody uses only one form of communication.

C. Language is invaluable to foreigners.

D. Non-spoken communication is of little value.

According to the text, which part of the body can be used to show you are joking?

    A. Fingers.               B. Eyes.         C. Head.             D. Feet.

What can’t be effectively communicated by sign language when people belong to different language groups?

       A. Spelling.           B. Idea.         C. Whole words.         D. Expressions.

How many different forms of communication are mentioned in the text?

       A. Three.             B. Five.              C. Six.                    D. Nine.