The British psychoanalyst John Bowlby argues that separation from the parents during the sensitive“attachment”period from birth to three may scar a child’s personality and be likely to cause emotional problems in later life．Some people have drawn the conclusion from Bowlby’s work that children should not be made to experience day care before the age of three because they have to be separated from their parents if they go to the day care center and many people do believe this．But there are also arguments against such a strong conclusion．
Firstly, anthropologists(人类学家)point out that the separation between children and parents found in modern societies does not usually exist in traditional societies．For example, in some tribal(部落)societies, such as the Ngoni, the father and mother of a child did not raise their baby alone－far from it．Secondly, common sense tells us that day care would not be so widespread today if parents, care-takers found their children had problems with it．Statistical studies of this kind have not yet been carried out, and even if they were, the results would be certain to be complicated and controversial．Thirdly, in the last decade there have been a number of careful American studies of children in day care, and they have all reported that day care had a neutral or slightly positive effect on children’s development．But tests that have had to be used to measure this development are not widely enough accepted to settle the argument．
But Bowlby’s analysis raises the possibility that early daycare had delayed effects．The possibility that such day care might lead to, say, more mental illness or crime 15 to 20 years later can only be found out by the use of statistics．Whatever the long-term effects, parents sometimes find the immediate effects difficult to deal with．Children under three are likely to refuse to leave their parents and show unhappiness．At the age of three or three and a half almost all children find the changing from home to nursery(kindergarten)easy, and this is undoubtedly why more and more parents make use of day care at this time．The matter, then, is far from clear, though experience and available evidence indicate that early day care is reasonable for babies．
(1)
In which of the following statements does“scar”have the same meaning as the word“scar”in the first paragraph?
[ ]
A．
Harry Potter is an ordinary boy with a scar on his forehead．
B．
The divorce of his parents scarred the boy, which he couldn’t get over for many years．
C．
The cut on his face scarred over very soon．
D．
After the students’ graduation, the school usually finds the tables scarred with their names．
(2)
Which of the following can be inferred from Bowlby’s work?
[ ]
A．
Mothers should not send their children to day care centers before the age of three．
B．
Day care nurseries have positive effects on a child’s development
C．
A child sent to a day care centre before the age of three may have emotional problems in later life
D．
Day care would not be so popular if it has noticeable negative effects on a child’s personality．
(3)
It is suggested that modern societies differ from traditional societies in that ________．
[ ]
A．
The separation between parents and children happens more often in modern societies．
B．
A child more often grows up with his/her brothers or sisters in traditional societies．
C．
Mother brings up children without the help of her husband in traditional societies
D．
Children in modern societies are more likely to develop mental illness in later years
(4)
Which of the following best expresses the writer’s attitude towards early day care?
[ ]
A．
Children under three should stay with their parents．
B．
Early day care has positive effects on children’s development
C．
There are two different opinions and its settlement calls for the use of statistics．
D．
The effects of early day care on children are exaggerated(夸大)and parents should ignore the problem．