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　　Language learning begins with listening. Children are greatly different in the amount(数量) of listening they need before they start speaking, and children who start speaking late are often long listeners. Most children will “obey”(服从) spoken instructions some time before they can speak, though the word “obey” can hardly describe the cooperation(合作) shown by the children. Before they can speak, many children will also ask questions by gestures(手势) and by making noises.

　　It is agreed that babies enjoy making noises, and that during the first few months one or two special noises are used by them to show their happiness, pain, friendliness, and so on. But since these cannot be said to be a kind of communication, they can hardly be regarded as early forms of language. From about three months old they play with sounds for enjoyment, and by six months they are able to add new sounds to their store. This self-imitation(自我模仿) leads to deliberate(有意的) imitation of sounds made or words spoken to them by other people. The problem then arises is that can these imitations be considered as speech?

　　It is a problem we need not get our teeth into(全身心地做……). The meaning of a word depends on what a special person means by it in a special situation, and what a child means by a word will change as he gets more experience of the world.

　　Playful and meaningless imitation of what other people say continues after the child has begun to speak for himself. I wonder, however, whether anything is gained when parents try to use this ability to teach new sounds.

1．Before children start speaking, ________.

[　　]

A．they need equal amounts of listening

B．they need different amounts of listening

C．they can all cooperate with the adults(成年人) by obeying spoken instructions

D．they can't understand and obey the adults' spoken instructions

2．Children who start speaking late ________.

[　　]

A．may have problems with their hearing

B．probably do not hear enough language spoken around them

C．usually pay close attention to what they hear

D．often take a long time in leaning to listen properly

3．The problem that a baby's imitations can be considered as speech ________.

[　　]

A．is important because words have different meanings for different people

B．is not especially important because the changeover takes place gradually

C．is one that can never be properly understood because the meaning of words changes with age

D．is one that should be completely ignored because children's use of words is often meaningless

4．Baby's first noises are ________.

[　　]

A．a reflection(映射) of his moods(情绪) and feelings

B．an early form of language

C．a sign that he means to tell you something

D．an imitation of the speech of adults

5．From the last paragraph we know that ________.

[　　]

A．parents can never hope to teach their children new sounds

B．children no longer imitate people after they begin to speak for themselves

C．children who are good at imitating learn new sounds more quickly

D．even after they have learnt to speak children still enjoy imitating

There are many older people in the world and there will be many more. A little-known fact is that over 60 percent of the older people live in developing countries. According to the World Health Organization, by 2020 there will be 1 billion, with over 700 million living in developing countries.

　It is a surprising fact that the population ageing is particularly rapid in developing countries. For example, it took France 115 years for the rate of older people to double from 7 percent to 14 percent. It is estimated to take China a mere 27 years to achieve this same increase.

　What are the implications of these increased numbers of older folk? One of the biggest worries for governments is that the longer people live, the more likelihood there is for diseases and for disability. Attention is being paid to the need to keep people as healthy as possible, including during old age, to lessen the financial burden on the state.

　Another significant problem is the need for the younger generations to understand and value the older people in their society. In some African countries, certainly in Asia, older people are respected and regarded as the ones with special knowledge. Yet traditions are fading away daily, which does not make sure the continued high regard of older people. As society changes, attitudes will change.

　Much needs to be done to get rid of age discrimination in employment. Life-long learning programs need to be provided to enable older people to be active members in a country's development.

　Social security policies need to be established to provide adequate income protection for older people. Both public and private schemes are vital in order to build a suitable safety net.

1.The rate of older people________.

2.According  to passage, which of the following are governments most worried about

3. It is stated directly in the passage that older people should ________.

4.Which of the following measure is NOT mentioned to solve the population ageing problem?

5.The author concludes in the last paragraph that ________.

　Language learning begins with listening. Children are greatly different in the amount of listening they do before they start speaking, and later starters are often long listeners. Most children will “obey” spoken instructions some time before they can speak, though the word“obey”is hardly exact as a description of the eager and delighted co- operation（合作） usually shown by the child. Before they can speak, many children will also ask questions by gestures and by making questioning noises.

　　Any attempt to study the development from the noises babies make to their first spoken words leads to considerable difficulties. It’s agreed that they enjoy making noises, and that during the first few months one or two noises sort themselves out as particular expression like delight, pain, friendliness and so on. But since these can’t be said to show the baby’s intention to communicate, they can hardly be regarded as early forms of language. It is agreed too, that from about three months they play with sounds for enjoyment, and that by six months they are able to add new words to their store. This self - imitation（自我模仿）leads out to deliberate（有意的）imitation of sounds made or words spoken to them by other people. The problem then arises to the point at which one can say that these imitations can be considered as speech.

　　It is a problem we need to get our teeth into. The meaning of a word depends on what a particular person means by it in a particular situation and it is clear that what a child means by a word will. change as he gains more experience of the world. Thus the use, at seven months, of“ mama” as a greeting for his mother cannot be dismissed as a meaningless sound simply because he also uses it at another time for his father, his dog, or anything else he likes. Playful and meaningless imitation of what other people say continues after the child has begun to speak for himself. I doubt, however , whether anything is gained when parents take advantage of his ability in an attempt to teach new words.

　Children who start speaking late ________

　　A. may have problems with their listening

　　B. probably do not hear enough language spoken around them

　　C. usually pay close attention to what they hear

　　D. often take a long time in learning to listen properly

　　A baby’s first noises are ________ .

　　A. an expression of his moods and feelings

　　B. an early form of language

　　C. an imitation of the speech of adults

　　D. a sign that he means to tell you something

　　The problem of deciding at what point a baby’s imitation can be considered as speech ________ .

　　A. is important because words have different meanings for different people

　　B. is not especially important because the change takes place gradually

　　C. is one that should be ignored（忽略）because children’s use of words is often meaningless

　　D. is one that can never be properly understood because the meaning of words changes with age

　　The speaker implies that ________ .

　　A. even after they have learnt to speak, children still enjoy imitation

　　B. children who are good at imitating learn new words more quickly

　　C. children no longer imitate people after they begin to speak

　　D. patents can never hope to teach their children new sounds

Putting Movies on Mobiles

Movies in the theater get their recognition at awards ceremonies such as the Oscars．But how about movies for phones? They are getting their turn at MoFilm — the first mobile film festival.

The first MoFilm competition received 250 entries from more than 100 countries．Entries were restricted to films that were five minutes or less in length — ideal for viewing and sharing on mobile phones．An independent jury then selected a shortlist of five film-makers．The winner was chosen from the shortlist by an audience voting using their phones.

New Platforms

The awards highlight the increasing impact that mobile phones are making in the entertainment industry．Many grassroots filmmakers start out with short films．They are thwarted by the lack of opportunities to screen their work．Therefore, mobile phones are increasingly being seen as a new platform for these short works.　　

It is a good place for anyone who wants to express themselves and find a way to have that expression be seen by a wide audience．Just think about how many people have mobile phones in the world!

New Technology Advances

MoFilm is pioneering content for mobile and online services that is a world away from Hollywood．The majority of films made for mobiles are now short in length, taking into account the screen size．However this could be overcome as technology advances.

In the near future, longer films will likely be seen on the mobile phone．And there are mobile companies creating phones where users can watch movies at higher quality．

Wherever you see movies, one thing is certain: the quality of work, the simple ability at story telling, and the thing that inspires someone to tell a story can really come from anywhere.

60．At the first MoFilm, ________．  

A．movies in the theater got their recognition

B．more than 100 countries took part in the competition

C．ideal films were five minutes or less in length

D．the winner was chosen by experts’ voting

61．They are thwarted by the lack of opportunities to screen their work．The underlined word means “________”．

A．disappointed             B．surprised                     C．frightened              D．encouraged

62．Nowadays the majority of films made for mobiles are short in length because of ________．

A．online services        B．the mobile phone           C．technology advances       D．the screen size