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　　Black Americans have served with honor in every American military action, though this often not written in history books. Even though black men begged to be allowed to serve in the Revolution War, they served well. During the Revolution War a black man named Eastbrook captured Royal Army's General Prescott Newport and Peter Salem, a black, killed Major Pitcairn as he was enjoying his victory at Bunker Hill.

　　Though whites had long believed that blacks could neither command nor use firearms, blacks fought bravely. In 1863, William Carney received the Congressional Medal of Honor for his role in battles.

　　In World War Ⅰ, 40,000 black solders served with this French command. Johnson and Needham Robert were the first Americans to win the Croix de Guerre——France's top military award.

　　During World War Ⅱ over 40,000 black solders served in the army forces. Dories Miler, a black, was one of the first heroes in this war. At Pearl Harbor during Japanese attack, he shot down four planes. The black fighter pilots of Benjamin Davis, Jr. made themselves known as brave soldiers throughout the war.

(1)The main idea of the passage is that ________.

[　　]

A．Black Americans served bravely during the Revolutionary War

B．black Americans served under the French during the World War Ⅰ

C．more black Americans died than whites in wars

D．black Americans have served their country bravely in many wars

(2)Benjamin Davis. Jr. was ________.

[　　]

A．commander of a group of black fighter pilots during World War Ⅱ

B．give the Croix de Guerre, France's highest military award

C．awarded the Congressional Medal of Honor

D．a soldier who died in the World War Ⅱ

(3)We conclude from the passage that ________.

[　　]

A．there are more blacks than whites in the US army

B．black heroes are often written in history books

C．blacks went to serve in the wars because they had difficulty finding jobs

D．blacks love their country

(4)The passage suggests that ________.

[　　]

A．black slaves were forced to fight in the Revolution War

B．blacks didn't fight bravely enough

C．blacks didn't get great honor

D．history tells little of the contribution that blacks made to America's military history

We tried so hard to make things better for our kids but we made them worse. For my naughty boys, I’d know better. I’d really like for them to know about hand-me-down clothes and home-made ice cream and leftover meatloaf. I really would.

My cherished boys, I hope you learn humility (谦逊) by surviving failure and that you learn to be honest even when no one is looking. I hope you get a black eye fighting for something you believe in. I hope you have to share a bedroom with your younger brother. And it is all right to draw a line down the middle of the room, but when he wants to crawl (爬) under the covers (被子) with you because he’s scared, I hope you’ll let him. And when you want to see a Disney movie and your kid brother wants to tag along, I hope you take him.

　　I hope you have to walk uphill with your friends and that you live in a town where you can do it safely. I hope you learn to dig in the dirt and read books, and when you learn to use computers, you also learn how to add and subtract (减) in your head.

May you skin your knee climbing a mountain, burn your hand on the stove and stick your tongue on a frozen flagpole (旗杆). I hope you get sick when someone blows smoke in your face. I don’t care if you try beer once, but I hope you won’t like it.

I sure hope you make time to sit on a porch with your grandpa or go fishing with your uncle.

I hope your father punishes you when you throw a baseball through a neighbor’s window, and that your mother hugs you and kisses you when you give her a plaster of pared mold (一个石膏模型) of your hand.

　 These things I wish for you—tough times and disappointment, hard work and happiness.

1.Who wrote the letter?

A．A grandmother.     B．A grandfather.      C．A father.          D．A mother.

2.What does the author hope for the boys?

A．they learn a lesson from a fight with others.

B．they know how to calculate with computers.

C．they get on well with family members.

D．they burn their hand on the stove and stick their tongue on a frozen flagpole.

3.It can be inferred from the text that the boys _________________.

A．often fight with others                   B．are to develop good qualities

C．always keep their grandpa company         D．score high in the exam

4.Why does the author write the letter?

A．To show the boys it’s not easy growing up.

B．To teach the boys dos and don’ts on the way growing up.

C．To help the boys to avoid making mistakes on the way growing up.

D．To encourage the boys to fully experience life on the way growing up.

You may picture firefighters holding a hose （水管） outside of a burning building，but the Golden Eagles Hotshots don't fight fires quite that way．When they go into action，you may not even see a fire truck．
The Hotshots are firefighters who battle fires in wilderness areas．But don't think you'll only find them in California．Wherever there is a national wildfire emergency，the Golden Eagles Hotshots could be there．
But these firefighters don't work the same way as those in big cities．They work where there are large numbers of trees，bushes，and grass．They climb up and down steep hills to clear brush and burnable debris （残骸）．They sometimes use water，but often fight fire with fire！
They do that by lighting what are called “backfires” ---- small，controlled fires that burn up fuel in the path of larger wildfires．That way, when the wildfire gets there, it has nothing to burn and nowhere to go，because all the burnable fuel has already gone up in smoke．
The Hotshots also clear away fuel using old-fashioned hard work．For example，they use a saw to cut away trees and heavy brush that could catch fire．
Of course there are times when the Golden Eagles Hotshots do have trucks to supply water to the fires．But the water is limited，and these guys have to rely on hard work more than anything．Physical fitness is very important．They have to be strong to handle steep hills while carrying a 60­pound pack．
Thanks to their efforts，many lives have been saved，many houses not burned，and countless trees still standing．
【小题1】According to the passage，why do the firefighters light “backfires”？

A．To signal for help．	B．To remove obstacles．
C．To protect trees and bushes．	D．To prevent the fire from spreading．

Most young people enjoy some form of physical activity. It may be walking, cycling or swimming, or in winter, skating or skiing. It may be a game of some kind of football, hockey, golf, or tennis, it may be mountaineering.

Those who have a passion for climbing high and difficult mountains are often looked upon with astonishment. Why are men and women willing to suffer cold and hardship, and to take risks on high mountains? This astonishment is caused probably by the difference between mountaineering and other forms of activity to which men give their leisure.

Mountaineering is a sport and not a game. There are no man-made rules, as there’re for such games as golf and football. There are, of course, rules of a different kind which it would be dangerous to ignore, but it is this freedom from man-made rules that makes mountaineering attractive to many people. Those who climb mountains are free to use their own methods. If we compare mountaineering and other more familiar sports, we might think that one big difference is that mountaineering is not a “team game”. We should be mistaken in this. There are, it is true, no “matches” between “teams” of climbers, but when climbers are on a rock face linked by a rope on which their lives may depend on, there is obviously teamwork.

The mountain climber knows that he may have to fight forces that are stronger and more powerful than man. He has to fight the forces of nature. His sport requires high mental and physical qualities.

A mountain climber continues to improve in skill year after year. A skier is probably past his best by the age of thirty, and most international tennis champions are in their early twenties. But it is not unusual for a man of fifty or sixty to climb the highest mountains in the Alps. They may take more time than younger men, but they probably climb with more skill and less waste of effort, and they certainly experience equal enjoyment.

1. Mountaineering is a sport, which involves　　　　 .

A. hardship

B. physical risk

C. cold

D. all of the above

2. The main difference between a sport and a game lies in 　　　　 .

A. uniform

B. rules

C. activity

D. skills

3. Mountaineering is also a team sport because 　　　　 .

A. it involves rules

B. it involves matches between teams

C. it requires mental and physical qualities

D. mountaineers depend on each other while climbing

4. Which of the following is TRUE?

A. Mountaineers compete against each other.

B. Mountaineers compete against other teams.

C. Mountaineers compete against nature.

D. Mountaineers compete against international standards.

5. What is the BEST title for the passage?

A. Mountaineering.

B. Mountain Climbers.

C. Mountaineering Is Different from Golf and Football.

D. Mountaineering Is More Dangerous than Other Sports.