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People in different parts of the world use different ways to count on their fingers. In the United States, people think begin counting with their first fingers, which they extend or stick out. They then extend the rest of their fingers and finally the thumb(拇指）to count to five. Then they repeat this with the other hand to get to ten. In China, people count by using different finger positions. In this way, a Chinese person can easily count to ten on only one hand.
Besides ways of finger counting, scientists have found that cultures and languages are also different when it comes to numbers. Some languages have only a few words for numbers, and others have no words for numbers. A group of scientists studied aboriginal(土著的）people in Australia. These people don’t have hand movements to stand for numbers. They don’t even have word for numbers. However, they are still able to understand different ideas about numbers.
In a similar study, researchers from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology discovered that people of the Piraha tribe(部落） in northwestern Brazil don’t have words for numbers such as “one” or “three.”. They are not able to say “five trees” or “ten trees” but can say “some trees,” “more trees,” or “many trees.” Professor Edward Gibson said that mist people believe that everyone knows how to count, “but here is a group that does not count. They could learn, but it’s not useful in their culture, so they’ve never picked it up.”
Although all humans are able to understand quantities(数量）,not all languages have numbers and not all people use counting. Number words in a certain language are a result of people needing numbers in their daily lives. Now we know that people have different ideas about numbers and math, too.
小题1:The writer begins with the four questions in order to______.
| A．make a survey | B．interest readers |
| C．tell a story | D．solve math problems |
| A．People from China count much faster than people from the U.S. |
| B．People from China need two hands to count from one to ten. |
| C．People of different cultures may use different ways of finger counting |
| D．People of different cultures use the same way of finger counting. |
| A．They have only a few words for numbers |
| B．They have hand movements to stand for numbers |
| C．They can only count to five on their fingers |
| D．They can understand different ideas about numbers |
| A．people all over the world know how to count |
| B．People of the tribe have words for number |
| C．Some groups of people are not smart enough to count |
| D．Counting is not useful in the culture of the tribe |
| A．people from different cultures have different ideas about numbers and math |
| B．Chinese people can count more easily on their fingers than Americans |
| C．In some aboriginal culture,people don’t even know how to count |
| D．Some languages don’t have number words because people don’t need numbers. |
| 完形填空 | ||
| Can you swim? Do you like swimming? Yes? Well, how can you learn to swim? I think the best way is to go into the water and learn. I'm afraid you'll 1 learn to swim just by reading books about swimming or 2 others swimming . It's 3 the English study for us kids today. We must practice, practice, and practice. Listening and speaking are very important for beginners. The children in 4 countries first listen to others. Then they try to imitate(模仿) and speak. We can listen to English programs 5 the radio. You may just understand 6 words. It doesn't matter. Just be 7 , try to get the main topics, then the main ideas, then the key words, then the main sentences, 8 . As for speaking , speak 9 . Reading and writing are more important for school students . First we must choose the books we are 10 . A lot of reading will 11 your language sense. This is the most important. Keep 12 English diaries. We can also write English articles. We may even post them 13 English magazines. Don't be afraid of failure. Failure is the mother of 14 . Easier said than done. Well, let's do more practice from now on. I'm sure you'll learn English well 15 this way. | ||
| ( )1. A. just ( )2. A. Look at ( )3. A. same as ( )4. A. speaking-English ( )5. A. in ( )6. A. a little ( )7. A. relaxed ( )8. A. the full means ( )9. A. as many as you can ( )10. A. interested ( )11. A. change ( )12. A. to write ( )13. A. for ( )14. A. succeed ( )15. A. using |
B. never B. looking at B. different to B. English-speaking B. over B. a few B. relaxing B. the full meaning B. as more as you can B. interesting B. develop B. write B. to B. success B. in |
C. yet C. seeing C. the same as C. spoken English C. from C. few C. relax C. the full meanings C. as much as possible C. interested in C. improve C. writing C. till C. successful C. by |
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books. Now there are also movies, such as Dr. Doolittle. When you watch animals, it seems clear that they
can communicate with each other. Many people wonder why people can't also communicate with them.
Scientists know how some animals communicate. Bees, for example, use their bodies. They do a kind of
dance to give information about food. Birds, on the other hand, share information with sounds. They use
certain sounds to protect their homes and to stay together when they fly. Some male (雄性) birds use lovely
songs to attract a female (雌性). Other animals communicate with both body movements and sounds. For
example, dogs wag their tails when they are happy, and they bark when they are excited.
People used to think it was possible to teach human language to animals. Parrots and other birds, for
example, can learn to say words. But the birds just repeat the words. They don't understand them. Some
American scientists tried to teach English to chimpanzees (黑猩猩), close relatives of human beings. However,
this was impossible. Chimpanzees can't move their mouths the right way. They could never learn to speak like
people.
Then scientists tried to teach human language to chimpanzees in other ways. Some tried with American
Sign Language (ASL). Others tried with a simple computer. But chimpanzees could only learn to use a few
words. They could never learn to use grammar. Their brains are very different from the brains of human
beings.
Now some scientists are studying the same points between human and animal language. In fact, some
animals use sounds like people do. Dogs, for example, use an unpleasant, low sound to tell other dogs to stay
away. People, too, use that kind of voice to say the same things. A dog's noisy bark communicate that
something is happening. People use the same high tone when they shout, "Watch out!"
Scientists want to understand the language of other animals, such as whales and bears. To do this, they
go out to the animals' natural homes. They watch the animals for days or even years. They take pictures and
make tape recordings and share the information with other scientists. In this way, they hope to learn more
about the way animals communicate, and maybe someday we'll be able to communicate better with them.
B. attract other bees
C. show they are happy
D. play with other bees
B. and they make up new words, too
C. and they use grammar, too
D. but they forget them quickly
B. different sounds to mean the same thing
C. a low sound to keep others away
D. a high sound to keep others away
B. Dogs wag their tails when they are angry.
C. Chimpanzees can learn to use some grammar.
D. Birds use sounds to stay together.
B. how scientists are studying animals' communication
C. how people might communicate with animals
D. how animals communicate with each other
Many students feel it difficult to remember new words when they begin to study English. Now I will give you some advice.
1. Do not waste time in learning a list of English words. It is. the hardest way to remember English words. How do you learn to speak Chinese? You did it by listening carefully to the people talking to each other. You can find radio programs, TV programs and records, and listen to them carefully. The best way to learn all new words is through ear. As you listen to more and more dialogues, you will learn how English is pronounced in phrases and sentences. Of course, it is at enough to learn new words; you must learn how words are put together, and why some words in English are emphasized.
2. Some people have found that they can learn the names of everyday objects, such as box, cup, desk and so on, in the following way. They write the names of subjects, they say the words. Try this and see if this way works for you. If it does not, then go on to practice your dialogues.
1. Who gave the advice? Perhaps it was given by .
A. Carl Marx B. a teacher from England
C. American parents D. a teacher of English
2. The advice the writer gave us is mainly about .
A. how to learn English B. how to put words together
C. how to learn new words
D. how to write the names of the objects on paper and put the paper on them
3. The writer gave us two pieces of advice. He seems to enjoy .
A. the first one B. the second one C. both of them D. neither of them
4. The writer thinks that the best way to learn new words is .
A. to do more reading B. to do more writing
C. to do more listening D. to learn which word is emphasized
5. The way to write the names of the objects on paper and put the paper on them .
A. works for everyone B. does not work for anyone
C. works only for some people D. works only for the Chinese students
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